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  • BSI
    BS 3680-2C:1993, ISO 9555-3:1992 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels. Dilution methods - Methods of measurement using chemical tracers
    Edition: 1993
    $316.70
    / user per year

Description of BS 3680-2C:1993 1993

This part of ISO 9555 deals with the use of chemical tracers in discharge measurements by the dilution method. Apparatus and methods of general application are set out in ISO 9555-1 and are not repeated here, with the exception of those relating specifically to chemical tracers.

Chemical tracers have several advantages as follows.

  1. As with fluorescent tracers, the handling of the tracer follows normal chemical laboratory practice, and no special equipment (e.g. radiation shielding) is required. Care is still required, however, when handling concentrated tracer, to avoid contamination of samples and, with some tracers, for reasons of chemical toxicity.
  2. In general, chemical tracers are widely available commercially, and may be stored indefinitely.
  3. Analysis may be possible using laboratory facilities currently used for water quality determination.
  4. In general, chemical tracers are photochemically stable.

The disadvantages of chemical tracers are as follows:

  1. Their detection limits are relatively high and therefore a larger quantity of tracer is required for each gauging than in the case of radioactive or fluorescent tracers. For practical reasons this may restrict their application to small discharges. However, for certain tracers, reconcentration techniques can permit the measurement of large discharges (of the order of 1 000 m3/s) where conditions of mixing and tracer loss are acceptable.
  2. With the exception of the conductivity method for sodium choride, the determination ranges of laboratory analysis methods are limited, so dilution of river samples may be necessary before analysis. This limitation means that the constant-rate injection method is preferable for chemical tracers (excepting tile conductivity method) since determination of the peak concentrations resulting from a sudden injection would be difficult.
  3. Natural background levels, particularly of conductivity (resulting from dissolved solids in natural waters), may be high and variable, and this necessitates the use of a larger amount of tracer than would be apparent from a consideration of detection limits only.


Deals with the use of chemical tracers in discharge measurements.

Standard NumberBS 3680-2C:1993, ISO 9555-3:1992
TitleMeasurement of liquid flow in open channels. Dilution methods - Methods of measurement using chemical tracers
StatusUnder Review
Publication Date1993-05-15
ReplacesBS 3680-2A:1964, BS 3680-2B:1986, BS 3680-2C:1983
Identical National Standard OfISO 9555-3:1992
DescriptorsTesting conditions, Interferences (chemical), Concentration (chemical), Sensitivity, Field testing, Lithium, Ground water, Potable water, Iodides, Laboratory testing, Liquid flow, Flow, Water, Chlorides, Spectrochemical analysis, Chemical analysis and testing, Chromium, Errors, Determination of content, Channel flow, Flow measurement, Tracer methods, Chemical hazards, Electrochemical methods, Colorimetry, Surface water
ICS17.120.20 Flow in open channels
CommitteeCPI/113
ISBN0 580 22155 5
PublisherBSI
Pages18

About BSI

BSI Group, also known as the British Standards Institution is the national standards body of the United Kingdom. BSI produces technical standards on a wide range of products and services and also supplies certification and standards-related services to businesses.
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