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IEEE Guide for Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines Part I—Acceptance and Performance Testing Part II—Test Procedures and Parameter Determination for Dynamic Analysis, 2009
- IEEE Std 115™-2009 Front cover
- Title page
- Introduction
- Notice to users [Go to Page]
- Laws and regulations
- Copyrights
- Updating of IEEE documents
- Errata
- Interpretations
- Patents
- Participants
- Contents
- Important notice
- Part I—Acceptance and Performance Testing [Go to Page]
- 1. Overview [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Scope
- 1.2 Organization of the guide
- 1.3 Miscellaneous notes
- 1.4 Instrumentation
- 2. Normative references
- 3. Miscellaneous tests [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Insulation resistance
- 3.2 Dielectric and partial discharge tests [Go to Page]
- 3.2.1 General
- 3.2.2 Preparation
- 3.2.3 Method 1. Alternating-voltage testing at power frequency
- 3.2.4 Method 2. Direct-voltage testing of stator windings
- 3.2.5 Method 3. Very low frequency (VLF) testing of stator windings
- 3.2.6 Method 4. Partial discharge testing
- 3.3 Resistance measurements [Go to Page]
- 3.3.1 General
- 3.3.2 Correction to specified temperature
- 3.3.3 Reference field resistance
- 3.3.4 Reference field resistance from a running test
- 3.3.5 Field resistance for running temperature tests
- 3.3.6 Effect of brush voltage drop
- 3.4 Tests for short-circuited field turns [Go to Page]
- 3.4.1 General
- 3.4.2 Method 1. Voltage drop, dc
- 3.4.3 Method 2. Voltage drop, ac
- 3.4.4 Method 3. DC resistance
- 3.4.5 Method 4. Exciting coil for cylindrical rotors
- 3.4.6 Method 5. Rotor waveform detection for cylindrical rotors
- 3.5 Polarity test for field poles
- 3.6 Shaft current and bearing insulation [Go to Page]
- 3.6.1 General
- 3.6.2 Method 1. Across end shafts
- 3.6.3 Method 2. Across bearing oil film, uninsulated bearings
- 3.6.4 Method 3. Across bearing insulation
- 3.6.5 Method 4. Bearing insulation—Running test
- 3.6.6 Method 5. Bearing insulation—Static test
- 3.6.7 Method 6. Double insulation
- 3.7 Phase sequence [Go to Page]
- 3.7.1 General
- 3.7.2 Method 1. Phase-sequence indicators
- 3.7.3 Method 2. Indication of differential voltage
- 3.7.4 Method 3. Direction of rotation for machines that can be started on a power source
- 3.8 Telephone-influence factor (TIF) [Go to Page]
- 3.8.1 General
- 3.8.2 Weighting factors
- 3.8.3 Voltage transformer considerations
- 3.9 Balanced TIF [Go to Page]
- 3.9.1 General
- 3.9.2 Method 1. Line-to-line voltage
- 3.9.3 Method 2. Phase voltage
- 3.10 Residual-component TIF [Go to Page]
- 3.10.1 General
- 3.10.2 Method 1. Machines that can be connected in delta
- 3.10.3 Method 2. Machines that cannot be connected in delta
- 3.10.4 Method 3. Line-to-neutral test
- 3.11 Line-to-neutral TIF [Go to Page]
- 3.11.1 General
- 3.11.2 Method of test
- 3.11.3 Check of balanced, residual, and line-to-neutral TIF
- 3.12 Stator terminal voltage—waveform deviation and distortion factors [Go to Page]
- 3.12.1 Procedure for testing
- 3.12.2 Waveform analysis
- 3.12.3 Fourier analysis
- 3.12.4 Measuring rms value
- 3.13 Overspeed tests [Go to Page]
- 3.13.1 General
- 3.13.2 Procedure
- 3.14 Line-charging capacity [Go to Page]
- 3.14.1 General
- 3.14.2 Method 1. As motor
- 3.14.3 Method 2. As generator
- 3.14.4 Method 3. As generator
- 3.15 Acoustic noise [Go to Page]
- 3.15.1 General
- 3.15.2 Procedure
- 3.16 Vibration testing [Go to Page]
- 3.16.1 General
- 3.16.2 Motors and small generators
- 3.16.3 Large synchronous cylindrical rotor generators—Shaft vibrations
- 3.16.4 Large synchronous cylindrical rotor generators—Bearing vibrations
- 3.16.5 Synchronous generators in hydroelectric applications
- 4. Saturation curves, segregated losses, and efficiency [Go to Page]
- 4.1 General [Go to Page]
- 4.1.1 Efficiency
- 4.1.2 Methods to measure losses
- 4.1.3 Elimination of exciter input
- 4.1.4 Effect of temperature and pressure
- 4.1.5 Coupled machines
- 4.1.6 Steam turbine overheating
- 4.1.7 Dewatering hydraulic turbine
- 4.1.8 Electric starting
- 4.2 Method 1. Separate drive [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 Driving motor
- 4.2.2 Procedure
- 4.2.3 Dynamometer as driver
- 4.2.4 Mechanical driver
- 4.2.5 Open-circuit saturation curve
- 4.2.6 Air-gap line
- 4.2.7 Core loss and friction and windage loss
- 4.2.8 Short-circuit saturation curve
- 4.2.9 Short-circuit loss and stray-load loss
- 4.2.10 Zero-power-factor saturation curve
- 4.3 Method 2. Electric input [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 General
- 4.3.2 Instrument transformers
- 4.3.3 Voltage on instruments
- 4.3.4 Methods to measure power input
- 4.3.5 Accuracy
- 4.3.6 Stray-load loss
- 4.3.7 Open-circuit loss
- 4.3.8 Open-circuit saturation curve
- 4.3.9 Short-circuit loss and stray-load loss
- 4.3.10 Total loss curve
- 4.3.11 Short-circuit saturation curve
- 4.4 Method 3. Retardation [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 General
- 4.4.2 Friction and windage loss
- 4.4.3 Open-circuit core loss
- 4.4.4 Short-circuit loss and stray-load loss
- 4.4.5 Effect of connected apparatus
- 4.4.6 Test procedures
- 4.4.7 When overspeed cannot be obtained
- 4.4.8 When low-voltage switchgear is omitted
- 4.4.9 Methods to determine deceleration
- 4.4.10 Open-circuit and short-circuit saturation curves
- 4.4.11 Methods to determine rotor polar moment of inertia (J)
- 4.5 Method 4. Heat transfer [Go to Page]
- 4.5.1 Machines with water coolers
- 4.6 Efficiency [Go to Page]
- 4.6.1 Method 1. Segregated losses
- 4.6.2 Method 2. Input-output
- 5. Load excitation [Go to Page]
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Test methods [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Determining armature leakage reactance, Xl
- 5.2.2 Methods to determine Potier reactance
- 5.3 Load excitation calculation methods for specified machine terminal conditions [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Method 1. Specified operation conditions
- 5.3.2 Method 2. Phasor diagram analysis
- 5.3.3 Method 3. Potier reactance without machine saliency
- 5.4 Excitation calculation methods used in stability computer programs
- 6. Temperature tests [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General
- 6.2 Methods of loading [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 Method 1. Conventional loading
- 6.2.2 Method 2. Synchronous feedback
- 6.2.3 Method 3. Zero power factor
- 6.2.4 Method 4. Open-circuit and short-circuit loading
- 6.3 Duration of test [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Continuous loading
- 6.3.2 Short-time ratings
- 6.3.3 Intermittent loads
- 6.4 Methods to measure temperature [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1 General
- 6.4.2 Method 1. Resistance thermometer or thermocouples
- 6.4.3 Method 2. Embedded detector
- 6.4.4 Method 3. Winding resistance
- 6.4.5 Method 4. Local temperature detector
- 6.5 Preparation for test [Go to Page]
- 6.5.1 Location of measuring devices
- 6.5.2 Enclosed machines
- 6.5.3 Open-ventilated machines
- 6.5.4 Precautions
- 6.6 Determination of coolant temperature [Go to Page]
- 6.6.1 General
- 6.6.2 Machines cooled by surrounding air
- 6.6.3 Duct and pipe-ventilated machines
- 6.6.4 Machines with a recirculating cooling system
- 6.6.5 Machines cooled by other means
- 6.6.6 Test reference coolant temperature defined
- 6.6.7 Thermometer oil cups
- 6.7 Temperature readings [Go to Page]
- 6.7.1 General
- 6.7.2 Thermometer method
- 6.7.3 Embedded-detector method
- 6.7.4 Resistance method for fields
- 6.7.5 Resistance method for armature
- 6.7.6 Resistance method for brushless machines
- 6.8 Shutdown temperatures [Go to Page]
- 6.8.1 General
- 6.8.2 Location of measuring devices
- 6.9 Temperature rise [Go to Page]
- 6.9.1 Running test
- 6.9.2 Shutdown
- 7. Torque tests [Go to Page]
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Locked-rotor current and torque [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 General
- 7.2.2 Determination of locked-rotor current
- 7.2.3 Method 1. Torque by scale and beam
- 7.2.4 Method 2. Torque by electric input
- 7.2.5 Torque at specified conditions
- 7.2.6 Determination of induced field current or voltage
- 7.3 Speed-torque tests [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 General
- 7.3.2 Method 1. Measured output
- 7.3.3 Method 2. Acceleration
- 7.3.4 Method 3. Input
- 7.3.5 Method 4. Direct measurement
- 7.3.6 Correction for voltage effects
- 7.4 Pull-out torque [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 General
- 7.4.2 Method 1. Direct measurement
- 7.4.3 Method 2. Calculation from machine constants
- 8. Sudden short-circuit tests [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Mechanical integrity of machine
- 8.2 Electrical integrity of machine
- Part II—Test Procedures and Parameter Determination for Dynamic Analysis [Go to Page]
- 9. Applications of machine electrical parameters [Go to Page]
- 9.1 General
- 9.2 P.U. quantities [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 Comments
- 9.2.5 Base frequency
- 9.2.4 Base impedance
- 9.2.3 Base voltage and current
- 9.2.2 Base power
- 10. Tests for determining parameter values for steady-state conditions [Go to Page]
- 10.1 Purpose
- 10.2 Instrumentation [Go to Page]
- 10.2.1 Types of parameters to be determined
- 10.3 Direct-axis synchronous reactance, Xd
- 10.4 Quadrature-axis synchronous reactance, Xq [Go to Page]
- 10.4.1 General
- 10.4.2 Method 1. Slip test
- 10.4.3 Method 2. Maximum lagging current
- 10.4.4 Method 3. Empirical function
- 10.4.5 Method 4. Load angle
- 10.5 Negative-sequence quantities (steady state) [Go to Page]
- 10.5.1 Determining negative-sequence reactance, X2
- 10.5.2 Determining negative-sequence resistance, R2
- 10.6 Zero-sequence quantities [Go to Page]
- 10.6.1 Determining zero-sequence reactance, X0
- 10.6.2 Determining zero-sequence resistance, R0
- 10.7 Testing procedures and parameter determination for positive-sequenceresistance for a synchronous machine [Go to Page]
- 10.7.1 General
- 10.7.2 Determination from test
- 10.8 Additional miscellaneous steady-state tests for synchronous machines [Go to Page]
- 10.8.1 Determination of short-circuit ratio (SCR)
- 10.8.2 Determination of internal load angle, δ
- 11. Tests for evaluating transient or subtransient characteristic values [Go to Page]
- 11.4.1 Consultation with manufacturer [Go to Page]
- 11.4.2 Calibration of test equipment (including use of current shunt or current transformers)
- 11.4.3 Three-phase armature connections
- 11.4.4 Interpretation of test data
- 11.4.5 Measurement and control of field quantities—pre-transient states
- 11.4.6 Measurement of steady-state quantities—post-transient states
- 11.5.1 Speed and field voltage control before and during tests
- 11.7.1 Parameter determination by sudden short circuit or voltage recovery
- 11.8.1 Method 1. Three-phase sudden short circuit
- 11.8.2 Method 2. Combined short circuit of armature and field
- 11.8.3 Method 3. Voltage recovery
- 11.8.4 Determining subtransient reactance parameter
- 11.9.1 Determining direct-axis transient short-circuit time constant, τ′d
- 11.9.2 Determining direct-axis subtransient short-circuit time constant, τ″d
- 11.10.1 Determining direct-axis transient open-circuit time constant, τ′do
- 11.10.2 Parameter determination using method 1
- 11.10.3 Parameter determination using method 2
- 11.10.4 Method 3. Field current
- 11.10.5 Method 4. Voltage recovery
- 11.10.6 Determining direct-axis subtransient open-circuit time constant, τ″do
- 11.11.1 General
- 11.11.2 Method 1. Resolved dc component
- 11.11.3 Method 2. DC components of phase currents
- 11.11.4 Method 3. Field current response
- 11.11.5 Rated-current and rated-voltage values of τa—saturation effects
- 11.11.6 Correction of τa to a specified temperature
- 11.12.1 General
- 11.12.2 Peak search
- 11.12.3 Envelope synchronization
- 11.12.4 Computation of symmetrical and dc components
- 11.12.5 Transient straight-line representation
- 11.12.6 Subtransient straight-line representation
- 11.12.7 DC component straight-line representation
- 11.12.8 Averaging
- 11.13.1 Specific tests and data gathering for a stationary test for determining X″d
- 11.13.2 Method 4. Indirect method for determining X″d
- 11.13.3 Rated-current and rated-voltage values—saturation effects on determining X″d
- 11.13.4 Additional line-to-line sudden short-circuit test for determining X2 from method 4
- 11.13.5 Determining quadrature-axis subtransient reactance, X″q
- 11.13.6 Determining rated current or rated voltage values of X″q—Saturation effects
- 12. Standstill frequency response (SSFR) testing [Go to Page]
- 12.1.1 Purpose of this form of testing [Go to Page]
- 12.1.2 Advantages of SSFR test procedures
- 12.1.3 Theoretical background
- 12.1.4 Model representation possible from this form of testing
- 12.1.5 Additional comments on applying operational methods to synchronous machines
- 12.2.1 Machine conditions for SSFR tests for turbine generators
- 12.2.2 Instrumentation and connections
- 12.2.3 Typical test setups
- 12.2.4 Measurement accuracy
- 12.2.5 Precautions and ancillary matters relating to machine safety
- 12.2.6 Measurable parameters available during standstill tests
- 12.3.1 Required measurements
- 12.3.2 Positioning the rotor for direct-axis tests
- 12.3.3 Direct-axis tests
- 12.3.4 Positioning the rotor for quadrature-axis tests
- 12.3.5 Quadrature-axis tests
- 12.4.1 Parameter determination based on SSFR test results
- 12.5.1 General
- 12.5.2 Mathematical background
- 12.5.3 Curve-fitting procedures
- 12.5.4 Numerical example
- 12.5.5 General remarks and nomenclature
- Annex A (informative) Bibliography
- Annex B (normative) Nomenclature
- Annex C (informative) Discussion on leakage and Potier reactances
- Annex D (informative) Example of calculation of p.u. field current (IF)
- Annex E (informative) Quadrature-axis transient or subtransient tests
- Annex F (informative) Generator load rejection tests
- Annex G (informative) Magnetic nonlinearity
- Annex H (informative) Alternative approach to model development [Go to Page]