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Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings Basic Procedures Manual, 1998
- Preface
- Table of Contents
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- List of Test and Inspection Guides
- List of Component Damage Classification Guides
- Prologue [Go to Page]
- What have we learned?
- What does it mean?
- 1. Introduction and Overview [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Purpose
- 1.2 Scope [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 1 Global Displacement Capacities for Various Performance Levels. Capacities will vary, d...
- 1.3 Basis [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 2 Global Displacement Demands for Restored and Unrestored Damaged Buildings.
- 1.4 Overview of the Damage Investigation and Evaluation Procedures [Go to Page]
- 1.4.1 Introduction and Overview
- 1.4.2 Characteristics of Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings
- 1.4.3 Investigation of Earthquake Damage [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 3 Flowchart for the Investigation and Evaluation of Earthquake Damage to Concrete and Ma...
- 1.4.4 Evaluation of Earthquake Damage
- 1.4.5 Component Information
- 1.4.6 Terms and Symbols
- 1.4.7 Related Documents
- 1.5 Limitations
- 2. Characteristics of Concrete And Masonry Wall Buildings [Go to Page]
- 2.1 Typical Vertical Elements [Go to Page]
- 2.1.1 Bearing Walls and Infilled Frames [Go to Page]
- Figure 2 1 Global Structure, Lateral-Force-Resisting Elements, and Components.
- Figure 2 2 Characteristics of Bearing Walls and Infilled Frames
- 2.1.2 Wall Elevations [Go to Page]
- Figure 2 3 Three General Categories of Concrete and Masonry Wall Configurations
- Figure 2 4 Example Wall Mechanisms and Components
- 2.1.3 Foundation Effects
- 2.2 Horizontal Elements
- 2.3 Three-Dimensional Considerations
- 2.4 Identification of Components [Go to Page]
- Table 2 1 Component Types for Reinforced Concrete Walls
- 3. Investigation of Earthquake Damage [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Characteristics of the Damaging Earthquake [Go to Page]
- Figure 3 1 Parameters Needed and Form of Approximate Site Response Spectrum
- 3.2 Review of Existing Building Data [Go to Page]
- Figure 3 2 Peak Ground Acceleration Contours for 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake (from NI...
- 3.3 Assessing the Consequences of the Damaging Earthquake [Go to Page]
- Table 3 1 Summary of Inspection and Test Procedures
- Figure 3 3 Spectral Acceleration Contours for T=0.3 sec., 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake...
- Figure 3 4 Spectral Acceleration Contours for T=1.0 sec., 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake...
- 3.4 Pre-existing Conditions
- 3.5 Component Damage Classification
- 3.6 Verification [Go to Page]
- Figure 3 5 Different Inelastic Lateral Mechanisms and Components for Same Wall Element
- Figure 3 6 Relationship between design strength and expected strength
- Figure 3 7 Component force-deformation behavior, ductility, and severity of damage
- 3.7 Documentation [Go to Page]
- Figure 3 8 Example Component Damage Record
- 3.8 Test and Inspection Guides
- 4. Evaluation of Earthquake Damage [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Basis of Evaluation
- 4.2 Seismic Performance Objectives
- 4.3 Seismic Performance Parameters
- 4.4 Relative Performance Analysis [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 Overview [Go to Page]
- Figure 4 1 Displacement Parameters for Damage Evaluation
- Figure 4 2 Idealized Component Force-Deformation Relationship
- 4.4.2 Global Displacement Performance Limits [Go to Page]
- Figure 4 3 Global Displacement Limits and Component Acceptability used in FEMA 273/274
- 4.4.3 Component Modeling and Acceptability Criteria [Go to Page]
- Figure 4 4 Component Modeling Criteria
- Figure 4 5 Component Acceptability Criteria
- Figure 4 6 Component Modification Factors and Damage Severity
- Figure 4 7 Determining l values from structural testing
- 4.4.4 Global Displacement Demand [Go to Page]
- Figure 4 8 Maximum Displacement Dependency on Damaging Earthquake
- Figure 4 9 Global Capacity Dependency on Initial and Effective Stiffness
- Figure 4 10 Pre- and Post-Event Capacity Curves with Associated Stiffnesses
- 4.5 Performance Restoration Measures
- 4.6 An Alternative—The Direct Method
- 5: Reinforced Concrete [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Introduction and Background [Go to Page]
- Table 5 1 Component Types and Descriptions for Reinforced Concrete Walls.
- 5.2 Reinforced Concrete Component Types and Behavior Modes [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Component Types
- 5.2.2 Behavior Modes and Damage [Go to Page]
- Table 5 2 Behavior Modes for Reinforced Concrete Wall Components.
- Table 5 3 Likelihood of Earthquake Damage to Reinforced Concrete Walls According to Wall Componen...
- 5.2.3 Behavior Modes with High Ductility Capacity (Flexural Response)
- 5.2.4 Behavior Modes with Intermediate Ductility Capacity
- 5.2.5 Behavior Modes with Little or No Ductility Capacity
- 5.2.6 Foundation Rocking Response
- 5.3 Reinforced Concrete Evaluation Procedures [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Cracking
- 5.3.2 Expected Strength and Material Properties
- 5.3.3 Plastic-Hinge Location and Length
- 5.3.4 Ductility Classifications
- 5.3.5 Moment Strength
- 5.3.6 Shear Strength
- 5.3.7 Wall Boundary Confinement
- 5.3.8 Lap Splice Strength
- 5.3.9 Wall Buckling
- 5.4 Symbols for Reinforced Concrete
- 5.5 Reinforced Concrete Component Guides
- 6: Reinforced Masonry [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Introduction and Background
- 6.2 Reinforced Masonry Component Types and Behavior Modes [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 Component Types [Go to Page]
- Table 6 1 Component Types for Reinforced Masonry
- 6.2.2 Behavior Modes with High Ductility [Go to Page]
- Table 6 2 Likelihood of Earthquake Damage to Reinforced Masonry Components According to Component...
- Table 6 3 Behavior Modes for Reinforced Masonry Components (Note: Hysteresis Curves from Shing et...
- 6.2.3 Behavior Modes with Moderate Ductility
- 6.2.4 Behavior Modes with Low Ductility
- 6.3 Reinforced Masonry Evaluation Procedures [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Material Properties [Go to Page]
- Table 6 4 Initial Expected Clay or Concrete Masonry Properties
- 6.3.2 Flexure
- 6.3.3 Shear
- 6.3.4 Sliding
- 6.3.5 Wall Instability
- 6.3.6 Lap-Splice Slip
- 6.3.7 Masonry Beams
- 6.4 Symbols for Reinforced Masonry
- 6.5 Reinforced Masonry Component Guides
- 7: Unreinforced Masonry [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Introduction and Background [Go to Page]
- 7.1.1 Section Organization
- 7.1.2 Material Types and Structural Framing
- 7.1.3 Seismically Rehabilitated URM Buildings
- 7.2 Unreinforced Masonry Component Types and Behavior Modes [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 Non-Wall Components [Go to Page]
- Figure 7 1 Diagram of Parapet Failure (from Rutherford and Chekene, 1990)
- Figure 7 2 Photo of Parapet Failure (from Rutherford and Chekene, 1990).
- Table 7 1 Behavior Modes for Non-Wall URM Elements
- Table 7 2 Behavior Modes for URM Walls
- Figure 7 3 Diagram of an Appendage Failure (from Rutherford and Chekene, 1990)
- Figure 7 4 Photos of Appendage Failures (from Rutherford &Chekene, 1990)
- Figure 7 5 Diagram of Wall-Diaphragm Tension Tie Failure (from Rutherford and Chekene, 1990)
- Figure 7 6 Photo of Wall-Diaphragm Tension Tie Failure (from Rutherford and Chekene, 1990)
- Figure 7 7 Diagram of Wall-Diaphragm Shear Tie Failure (from City of Los Angeles, 1991)
- Figure 7 8 Examples of Various Masonry Diaphragms (from Rutherford and Chekene, 1997)
- 7.2.2 Wall Components [Go to Page]
- Figure 7 9 URM Wall Components
- 7.2.3 Foundation Rocking
- 7.2.4 Wall-Pier Rocking
- 7.2.5 Bed-Joint Sliding [Go to Page]
- Figure 7 10 Photo of Bed Joint Sliding
- 7.2.6 Bed-Joint Sliding at Wall Base
- 7.2.7 Spandrel-Joint Sliding
- 7.2.8 Rocking/Toe Crushing
- 7.2.9 Flexural Cracking/Toe Crushing/Bed Joint Sliding
- 7.2.10 Flexural Cracking/Diagonal Tension
- 7.2.11 Flexural Cracking/Toe Crushing
- 7.2.12 Spandrel-Unit Cracking
- 7.2.13 Corner Damage [Go to Page]
- Figure 7 11 Diagram of Corner Damage (from City of Los Angeles, 1991)
- Figure 7 12 Photo of Corner Damage (from Rutherford and Chekene, 1990)
- 7.2.14 Preemptive Diagonal Tension
- 7.2.15 Preemptive Toe Crushing
- 7.2.16 Out-of-Plane Flexural Response
- 7.2.17 Other Modes
- 7.3 Unreinforced Masonry Evaluation procedures [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 Overview
- 7.3.2 Evaluation Procedures for In- Plane Behavior of Piers in Walls with Weak Pier - Strong Span...
- 7.3.3 Evaluation Procedures for In- Plane Behavior of Solid Wall Components
- 7.3.4 Evaluation Procedures for In- Plane Behavior of Perforated Walls with Spandrel Damage [Go to Page]
- Figure 7 13 Spandrel Joint Sliding
- Figure 7 14 Implications of Spandrel Cracking
- 7.3.5 Evaluation Procedures for Out-of- Plane Behavior of Wall and Pier Components
- 7.4 Symbols for Unreinforced Masonry
- 7.5 Unreinforced Masonry Component Guides
- 8: Infilled Frames [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Introduction and Background
- 8.2 Infilled Frame Masonry Component Types and Behavior Modes [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 Component Types [Go to Page]
- Table 8 1 Component Types for Infilled Frames
- 8.2.2 Panel and Frame Modeling and Interaction
- 8.2.3 Behavior Modes [Go to Page]
- Table 8 2 Behavior Modes For Solid Infilled Panel Components
- Figure 8 1 Ductile reinforced concrete frames with concrete masonry infills tested by Mehrabi et ...
- Figure 8 2 Bed-joint sliding of a two-bay steel frame-block infill. Model study by Gergely et al....
- Figure 8 3 Specimen tested by Mander et al. (1993a). Steel frame-clay brick masonry infill. Top a...
- Figure 8 4 Effect of openings on the monotonic lateral-load performance of steel frame-masonry in...
- Figure 8 5 Out-of-plane behavior of infilled masonry walls showing crack patterns and out-of-plan...
- Figure 8 6 Experiments conducted by Aycardi et al. (1994), showing the performance of nonductile ...
- Table 8 3 Behavior Modes For Infilled Steel-Frame Components
- Table 8 4 Behavior Modes For Infilled Concrete-Frame Components
- 8.3 Infilled Frame Evaluation Procedures [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 Solid Infilled-Panel Components
- 8.3.2 Infilled-Panel Components with Openings
- 8.3.3 Out-of-Plane Behavior of Infilled-Panel Components
- 8.3.4 Steel-Frame Components [Go to Page]
- Table 8 5 Out-of-plane infill strength parameters.
- 8.3.5 Concrete-Frame Components
- 8.4 Infilled Frame Component Guides
- Glossary
- List of General Symbols
- References
- ATC-43 Project Participants
- Applied Technology Council Projects And Report Information [Go to Page]