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IEEE/CSA Standard for Skin Effect Trace Heating of Pipelines, Vessels, Equipment, and Structures - General, Testing, Marking, and Documentation Requirements, 2017
- IEEE Std 844.1-2017/CSA C22.2 No. 293.1-17 Front Cover
- Title page
- Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Standards Documents
- CSA Group Legal Notice for Standards
- CSA Group Standards Update Servie
- IEEE Participants
- CSA Group Participants
- IEEE Introduction
- CSA Preface
- Contents
- 1. Overview [Go to Page]
- 1.1 General
- 1.2 Scope
- 1.3 Purpose
- 1.4 Typical applications [Go to Page]
- 1.4.1 General
- 1.4.2 Solidification prevention
- 1.4.3 Viscosity maintenance
- 1.4.4 Process heating
- 1.4.5 Condensation prevention
- 1.4.6 Re-melting solidified fluids
- 1.4.7 Structure heating
- 1.4.8 Terminology
- 2. Normative references
- 3. Definitions
- 4. General requirements [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Principle of operation
- 4.2 System [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 General
- 4.2.2 Skin effect insulated conductor [Go to Page]
- 4.2.2.1 Test requirements
- 4.2.2.2 Material requirements
- 4.2.2.3 Factory and field insulated splices, connections, and terminations
- 4.3 Electrical circuit protection
- 4.4 Temperature requirements [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 General
- 4.4.2 Potentially explosive atmospheres [Go to Page]
- 4.4.2.1 General
- 4.4.2.2 Stabilized design
- 4.4.2.3 Controlled design [Go to Page]
- 4.4.2.3.1 General
- 4.4.2.3.2 Requirements for temperature control devices for equipment protection levels Gb and Db (traditional relationship to Zone 1 and Zone 21 respectively)
- 4.4.2.3.3 Requirements for temperature control devices for equipment protection levels Gc and Dc (traditional relationship to Zone 2 and Zone 22 respectively)
- 4.5 Grounding
- 4.6 Power transformers
- 4.7 Additional general requirements for Canada
- 5. Testing requirements [Go to Page]
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Type tests [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 General
- 5.2.2 Dielectric test
- 5.2.3 Insulation resistance test
- 5.2.4 Thermal characteristics of skin effect insulated conductor [Go to Page]
- 5.2.4.1 Retention of flexibility and electrical properties after thermal aging
- 5.2.4.2 Retention of tensile and elongation properties after thermal aging
- 5.2.5 Cold bend test
- 5.2.6 Abrasion resistance test [Go to Page]
- 5.2.6.1 General
- 5.2.6.2 Apparatus
- 5.2.6.3 Procedure
- 5.2.6.4 Calculation of weight and number of cycles
- 5.2.6.5 Proof test
- 5.2.7 Connections, splices, and termination tests [Go to Page]
- 5.2.7.1 Splice resistance to moisture test
- 5.2.7.2 Connection (Integrity) [Go to Page]
- 5.2.7.2.1 General
- 5.2.7.2.2 Firm attachment
- 5.2.7.2.3 Current cycling
- 5.2.7.2.4 Heating
- 5.2.7.2.5 Pullout
- 5.2.7.3 Insulated splice impact tests [Go to Page]
- 5.2.7.3.1 General
- 5.2.7.3.2 Room temperature impact test
- 5.2.7.3.3 Minimum temperature impact test
- 5.2.8 Heat distortion test
- 5.2.9 Voltage rating tests [Go to Page]
- 5.2.9.1 General
- 5.2.9.2 Voltage rating test
- 5.2.9.3 Optional U-bend test
- 5.2.10 Skin effect power, end termination, splice, and pull box type test
- 5.2.11 Conductor resistance test
- 5.2.12 Power output and system impedance verification [Go to Page]
- 5.2.12.1 General
- 5.2.12.2 Apparatus
- 5.2.12.3 Stagnation method
- 5.2.12.4 Flow method
- 5.2.13 Verification of sheath temperatures
- 5.3 Routine testing [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 General
- 5.3.2 Resistance test
- 5.3.3 Dielectric tests [Go to Page]
- 5.3.3.1 General
- 5.3.3.2 Dielectric spark test
- 5.3.3.3 AC dielectric test
- 5.3.3.4 DC dielectric test
- 5.3.4 Gels, agglomerates, contaminants, and voids test (for a skin effect insulated conductor rated 2001 Vac or higher)
- 6. Marking requirements [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Packaging
- 6.2 Skin effect insulated conductor
- 6.3 Power connection box and end termination box [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 General
- 6.3.2 Additional marking requirements for power connection box and optional transition box
- 7. Documentation
- Annex A (informative) Bibliography
- Annex B (normative) Requirements for Class I, II, and III Division 2 hazardous (classified) areas [Go to Page]
- B.1 Application
- B.2 General
- B.3 Control and temperature requirements [Go to Page]
- B.3.1 General
- B.3.2 Stabilized design
- B.3.3 Controlled design
- B.4 Requirements for protective device in Division 2
- B.5 Type tests [Go to Page]
- B.5.1 Division 2 equipment
- B.5.2 Verification of sheath temperatures
- B.6 Marking
- B.7 Instructions
- Annex C (normative) Skin effect trace heating system requirements for Class I, Zone 1; Class I, Zone 2; Zone 1; Zone 2; Zone 21; and Zone 22
- Annex D (normative) Skin effect trace heater design verification methodology [Go to Page]
- D.1 General
- D.2 Design methodology and selection of trace heaters
- D.3 Stabilized design calculations
- D.4 Skin effect trace heater performance and equilibrium conditions
- D.5 Heat loss calculations
- D.6 Heat-loss design safety factor
- D.7 Maximum temperature determination [Go to Page]
- D.7.1 General
- D.7.2 Theoretical pipe and sheath temperature calculations
- D.7.3 Theoretical vessel and sheath temperature calculations—Metallic applications
- D.7.4 Sheath temperature—Metallic applications using a temperature limiter control sensing the trace heater ferromagnetic envelope or the heated workpiece [Go to Page]