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PD IEC TR 60479-4:2020 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Effects of lightning strokes, 2020
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- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Definitions of technical terms
- 3.2 Definitions of interactions
- 4 Basic physics of lightning [Go to Page]
- 4.1 General
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Categorization of lightning types [4]
- 4.2 Lightning occurrence
- 4.3 Lightning flash characteristics
- 4.4 Primary and secondary injuries
- Figure 2 – High resolution full climatology (HRFC)
- 4.5 Summary
- 5 Interaction of strokes with human beings and livestock [Go to Page]
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Strike mechanisms [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Description of direct strike
- Figure 3 – Direct strike [Go to Page]
- 5.2.2 Description of contact voltage
- Figure 4 – Direct strike with no flashover and then with flashover
- Figure 5 – Contact potential [Go to Page]
- 5.2.3 Description of side flash
- 5.2.4 Description of step voltage
- Figure 6 – Side flash [Go to Page]
- 5.2.4 Description of streamer current
- Figure 7 – Earth potential versus distance from the stroke base –10 kA stroke, with earth resistivity 100 Ωm
- Figure 8 – Examples of step voltages, assuming a uniform earthof constant resistivity, and no surface flashover
- 5.3 Specific matters regarding body response
- Figure 9 – Upward streamer
- Figure 10 – Current in establishment and in collapse of upward streamer
- 6 Effects of lightning strokes on the body of living beings [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General comments on effects on the body
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 1 – Lightning injury and physical symptoms [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [17]
- 6.2 Comments on specific syndromes [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 Keraunoparalysis
- 6.2.2 Burns
- 6.2.3 Comparison between effects of electric shock derived from electrical systems and lightning
- Table 2 – Comparison of electrical and lightning injury [30], [34], [35], [40]
- 7 Present considerations of causation [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Under investigation
- 7.2 Electrical effects
- 7.3 Thermal, field and radiation effects
- 7.4 Traumatic injury
- 7.5 Barotrauma
- 7.6 Release of hormones
- 8 Individual and crowd safety procedures [Go to Page]
- 8.1 General – "No place outdoors is safe"
- 8.2 Individual actions
- 8.3 Basic principles [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 General
- 8.3.2 Individual lightning safety in the outdoors (NOAA recommendations)
- 8.3.3 Safe practice indoors
- 8.4 Safety procedures for crowds
- Bibliography [Go to Page]