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eLibrary > BS EN IEC 60255-187-1:2021 Measuring relays and protection equipment - Functional requirements for differential protection. Restrained and unrestrained differential protection of motors, generators and transformers >

BS EN IEC 60255-187-1:2021 Measuring relays and protection equipment - Functional requirements for differential protection. Restrained and unrestrained differential protection of motors, generators and transformers, 2023

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BS EN IEC 60255-187-1:2021 Measuring relays and protection equipment - Functional requirements for differential protection. Restrained and unrestrained differential protection of motors, generators and transformers, 2023

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Annex ZA(normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications
English [Go to Page]
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
Figures [Go to Page]
Figure 1 – Explanatory diagram for start time, operate time and disengage time
4 Specification of the function [Go to Page]
4.1 General
Figure 2 – Simplified biased differential functional block diagram
4.2 Input energizing quantities/energizing quantities [Go to Page]
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Connections
4.3 Binary input signals
Figure 3 – Primary current reference direction
4.4 Functional logic [Go to Page]
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Phase biased differential protection
Figure 4 – Typical restrained element (biased) characteristic
Figure 5 – Typical unrestrained element characteristic [Go to Page]
4.4.3 Biased restricted earth fault protection
Figure 6 – Example of combined characteristicusing restrained and unrestrained elements [Go to Page]
4.4.4 Compensation of energizing quantities
4.4.5 Additional restraint or blocking methods
4.5 Binary output signals [Go to Page]
4.5.1 General
4.5.2 Start (pick-up) signals
4.5.3 Operate (trip) signals
4.5.4 Other output signals
4.6 Additional influencing functions and conditions [Go to Page]
4.6.1 General
4.6.2 Operation during CT saturation
4.6.3 Switch onto fault
4.6.4 Energizing quantity failure (CT supervision)
4.6.5 Off-nominal frequency operation
4.6.6 Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC)
5 Performance specification [Go to Page]
5.1 General
5.2 Effective and operating ranges
5.3 Steady state accuracy tests in the effective range [Go to Page]
5.3.1 General
Tables [Go to Page]
Table 1 – Example of effective and operating ranges of differential protection [Go to Page]
5.3.2 Test related to the declared thermal withstand current
5.3.3 Basic characteristic accuracy
5.3.4 Ratio compensation accuracy
Figure 7 – Basic error of the operating characteristic [Go to Page]
5.3.5 Phase (vector) compensation validity
5.3.6 Zero sequence compensation validity
5.3.7 Harmonic restraint basic accuracy
5.3.8 Basic accuracy of time delay settings
5.3.9 Disengage time
5.4 Dynamic performance in operating range [Go to Page]
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Typical operate time
5.4.3 Relay stability for external faults
5.4.4 Relay behaviour for internal fault preceded by an external fault
5.5 Stability during magnetizing inrush conditions
5.6 Stability during overexcitation conditions
5.7 Presence of harmonics on load
5.8 Performance during saturation of current transformers
5.9 Behaviour of differential protection with digital interface for the energizing quantities
6 Functional tests [Go to Page]
6.1 General
6.2 Test related to the declared thermal withstand current
6.3 Steady state accuracy tests in effective range [Go to Page]
6.3.1 General
Table 2 – Frequencies for steady state accuracy tests whenthe frequency effective range is equal to ±5 % of nominal frequency
Table 3 – Frequencies for steady state accuracy tests whenthe frequency effective range is larger than ±5 % of nominal frequency
Table 4 – Example frequencies for steady state accuracy tests whenthe frequency effective range is narrower than ±5 % of nominal frequency [Go to Page]
6.3.2 Basic characteristic accuracy
Figure 8 – Example of an operating characteristicin the IDIFF/IREST plane with a tolerance band
Table 5 – Test points for differential characteristic basic accuracy
Figure 9 – Test cases for differential characteristic basic accuracy
Table 6 – Test lines on the differential characteristic (Figure 10)
Figure 10 – Example of a differential characteristic with test lines "a" to "h"
Figure 11 – Machine differential protection
Figure 12 – Test sequence for basic characteristic accuracy
Figure 13 – Machine restricted earth fault protection
Table 7 – Basic characteristic accuracy [Go to Page]
6.3.3 Ratio (magnitude) compensation accuracy
Figure 14 – Example for documenting the test results for differential relay characteristic [Go to Page]
6.3.4 Phase (vector) compensation validity
Figure 15 – Ratio (magnitude) compensation accuracy test
Figure 16 – Secondary three-phase and double-phase injection for Winding 1 (example) [Go to Page]
6.3.5 Zero sequence compensation validity
Table 8 – Example of start ratios resulting from phase (vector) compensation
Figure 17 – Secondary single-phase and three-phase injections for Winding 1 (example)
Figure 18 – Zero sequence current injection on the Y side of the transformer
Figure 19 – Zero sequence current injection on the delta side of the transformer [Go to Page]
6.3.6 Harmonic restraint basic accuracy test under steady state conditions at nominal frequency
Table 9 – Example of start ratios resulting from zero sequence compensation
Table 10 – Test points for rated frequency harmonic restraint [Go to Page]
6.3.7 Accuracy related to time delay setting
Figure 20 – Example of a rated frequency harmonic restraintcharacteristic with visualization of test lines
Table 11 – Reporting example of test results for harmonic restraint basic accuracy test
Table 12 – Results of time delay tests
Table 13 – Reported time delay [Go to Page]
6.3.8 Determination and reporting of the disengage time
Figure 21 – Sequence of events for testing the disengage time
6.4 Dynamic performance tests [Go to Page]
6.4.1 General
Table 14 – Results of disengage time for all the tests
Table 15 – Frequencies for dynamic performance tests whenthe frequency operating range is equal to ±10 % of nominal frequency
Table 16 – Frequencies for dynamic performance tests whenthe frequency operating range is wider than ±10 % of nominal frequency
Table 17 – Example frequencies for dynamic performance tests when the frequency operating range is narrower than ±10 % of nominal frequency [Go to Page]
6.4.2 Operate time for double infeed network model (restrained operation)
Figure 22 – Double infeed network model for operate time tests
Table 18 – Double infeed network model
Table 19 – Source impedances for double infeed network model –Restrained operation (e.g. 50 Hz ± 10 % operating range)
Figure 23 – Test sequence for double infeed network model –Restrained operation (transformer)
Figure 24 – Double infeed network model for operate time tests
Table 20 – Double infeed network model
Table 21 – Source impedances for double infeed network model –Restrained operation (e.g. 50 Hz ± 10 % operating range)
Figure 25 – Test sequence for double infeed network model –Restrained operation (REF)
Figure 26 – Double infeed network model for operate time tests
Table 22 – Double infeed network model
Table 23 – Source impedances for double infeed network model –Restrained operation (e.g. 50 Hz ± 10 % operating range) [Go to Page]
6.4.3 Operate time for double infeed network model (unrestrained operation)
Figure 27 – Test sequence for double infeed network model –Restrained operation (generator)
Table 24 – Source impedances for double infeed network model –Unrestrained operation (e.g. 60 Hz ± 10 % operating range)
Figure 28 – Test sequence for double infeed network model –Unrestrained operation (transformer) [Go to Page]
6.4.4 Operate time for radial single infeed network model (restrained operation)
Figure 29 – Single infeed network model for operate time tests
Table 25 – Single infeed network model
Table 26 – Source impedances for radial single infeed network model –Restrained operation (e.g. 50 Hz ± 10 % operating range)
Figure 30 – Test sequence radial single infeed network model – Restrained operation
Figure 31 – Single infeed network model for operate time tests
Table 27 – Single infeed network model
Table 28 – Source impedances for radial single infeed network model –Restrained operation (e.g. 50 Hz ± 10 % operating range)
Figure 32 – Test sequence for radial single infeed network –Restrained operation (generator)
Figure 33 – Single infeed network model for operate time tests
Table 29 – Single infeed network model
Table 30 – Source impedances for radial single infeed network model –Restrained operation (e.g. 50 Hz ± 10 % operating range)
Figure 34 – Test sequence for radial single infeed network –Restrained operation (motor) [Go to Page]
6.4.5 Operate time for radial single infeed network model (unrestrained operation)
Table 31 – Source impedances for radial single infeed network model –Unrestrained operation (e.g. 60 Hz ± 10 % operating range)
Figure 35 – Test sequence for radial single infeed network – Unrestrained operation [Go to Page]
6.4.6 Reporting of typical operate time
Table 32 – Fault statistics for typical operate time of transformer protection(nominal frequency only)
Table 33 – Fault statistics for typical operate time of biasedrestricted earth fault protection (nominal frequency only)
Table 34 – Fault statistics for typical operate time of generator protection(nominal frequency only)
Table 35 – Fault statistics for typical operate time of motor protection(nominal frequency only)
Table 36 – Operate time classes
Table 37 – Corresponding operate time classes
Figure 36 – Example of distribution of the operate time for one application
Table 38 – Number of operate times and percentage
Table 39 – Example of typical operate time at nominal frequency (mode, median, mean)
Figure 37 – Operate time as a function of the off-nominal frequency values(effective range is the specified range of ±10 % of nominal frequency)
Table 40 – Examples of operate times (50 Hz nominal, CT configuration 500 A/1 Aand 1 000 A/1 A, power transformer protection) [Go to Page]
6.4.7 Stability for external faults
Figure 38 – Operate time as a function of the off-nominal frequency values(accuracy range beyond the specified range of ±10 % of nominal frequency
Figure 39 – Double infeed network model for stability tests
Table 41 – Double infeed network model
Table 42 – Source impedances for double infeed network model stability tests(e.g. 50 Hz ± 10 % operating range)
Figure 40 – Sequence of fault injection for stability due to external faults (transformer)
Figure 41 – Double infeed network model for stability tests
Table 43 – Double infeed network model
Table 44 – Source impedances for double infeed network model stability tests(e.g. 50 Hz ± 10 % operating range)
Figure 42 – Sequence of fault injection for stability due to external faults (REF)
Figure 43 – Double infeed network model for stability tests
Table 45 – Double infeed network model
Table 46 – Source impedances for double infeed network model stability tests(e.g. 50 Hz ± 10 % operating range)
Figure 44 – Sequence of fault injection for stability due to external faults (generator)
Figure 45 – Double infeed network model for stability tests
Table 47 – Double infeed network model
Table 48 – Source impedances for double infeed network model stability tests(e.g. 50 Hz ± 10 % operating range)
Figure 46 – Sequence of fault injection for stability due to external faults (motor)
6.5 Relay behaviour for internal fault preceded by an external fault [Go to Page]
6.5.1 General
6.5.2 Application specific considerations: transformer differential
Figure 47 – Double infeed network model for internal fault preceded by an external fault
Table 49 – Double infeed network model
Table 50 – Source impedances, fault resistances and pre-fault conditions for internal fault preceded by an external fault (e.g. for 50 Hz power system frequency) [Go to Page]
6.5.3 Application specific considerations: biased restricted earth fault
Figure 48 – Double infeed network model for internal faultpreceded by an external fault test
Table 51 – Double infeed network model
Table 52 – Source impedances, fault resistances and pre-fault conditions for internal fault preceded by an external fault tests (e.g. for 50 Hz power system frequency) [Go to Page]
6.5.4 Application specific considerations: generator differential
Figure 49 – Double infeed network model for internalfault preceded by an external fault test
Table 53 – Double infeed network model
Table 54 – Source impedances, fault resistances and pre-fault conditions for internal fault preceded by an external fault tests (e.g. for 50 Hz power system frequency) [Go to Page]
6.5.5 Reporting
Table 55 – Operate time for internal fault preceded by an external faultand for internal fault when the relay always operated
6.6 Stability during inrush conditions [Go to Page]
6.6.1 General
6.6.2 Application specific considerations: transformer differential
Table 56 – Operate time for internal fault preceded by an external faultand for internal fault when the relay did not always operate
Figure 50 – Power transformer inrush current waveform
Table 57 – Coefficients of the inrush current waveforms
Figure 51 – Comparison of waveforms
Table 58 – Nameplate data for test-transformers
Table 59 – Parameter k values
Figure 52 – Connection for the relay when current is injected from Y winding
Figure 53 – Connection for the relay when current is injected from delta winding
6.7 Stability during overexcitation conditions [Go to Page]
6.7.1 General
6.7.2 Application specific considerations: transformer differential
Figure 54 – Power transformer overexcitation current waveform injected from Y winding
Figure 55 – Overexcitation current waveform injected from delta winding
Figure 56 – Comparison of the waveforms injected from Y winding
Table 60 – Coefficient of the overexcitation waveforms
Figure 57 – Comparison of the waveforms injected from delta winding
Table 61 – Test data for the transformer
Figure 58 – Three-phase overexcitation current waveform injected from Y winding
6.8 Performance with load harmonics [Go to Page]
6.8.1 General
6.8.2 Application specific considerations: transformer differential
Figure 59 – Three-phase overexcitation current waveform injected from delta winding
Figure 60 – Test with superimposed harmonics on load – Transformer protection
Table 62 – Transformer data for the superimposed harmonics on load test
Table 63 – Fundamental component of load current in pu
Table 64 – Harmonic content for superimposed harmonics on load test
Table 65 – Harmonic phase angles for superimposed harmonics on load test [Go to Page]
6.8.3 Application specific considerations: generator or motor differential
Figure 61 – Three-phase load current waveform on the Y sideof the transformer with superimposed harmonics
Figure 62 – Three-phase load current waveforms on the delta side ofthe YNd1 transformer with superimposed harmonics
Figure 63 – Test with superimposed harmonics on load
Table 66 – Generator or motor data for the superimposed harmonics on load test
Table 67 – Harmonic phase angles for superimposed harmonics on load test [Go to Page]
6.8.4 Application specific considerations: biased restricted earth fault
Figure 64 – Test with superimposed harmonics on load –Restricted earth fault protection
Table 68 – Transformer data for the superimposed harmonics on load test
Table 69 – Harmonic phase angles for superimposed harmonics on load test [Go to Page]
6.8.5 Reporting
7 Documentation requirements [Go to Page]
7.1 Type test report
7.2 Other user documentation
Annex A (informative)Examples of phase (vector) compensationand zero sequence compensation schemes [Go to Page]
A.1 General
Figure A.1 – Example of a transformer
Table A.1 – Transformer data
A.2 Y→d conversion [Go to Page]
A.2.1 Current conversion
Figure A.2 – Current vectors [Go to Page]
A.2.2 Three-phase fault at Y (star/wye) side
A.2.3 Phase-phase fault at Y (star/wye) side
A.2.4 Single-phase fault at Y (star/wye) side
Figure A.3 – Three-phase injection at Y (star/wye) side
Figure A.4 – Phase-phase injection at Y (star/wye) side [Go to Page]
A.2.5 Three-phase fault at delta side
Figure A.5 – Single-phase injection at Y (star/wye) side [Go to Page]
A.2.6 Phase-phase fault at delta side
A.2.7 Single-phase fault at delta side
Figure A.6 – Three-phase injection at delta side
Figure A.7 – Phase-phase injection at delta side
Figure A.8 – Internal single-phase fault at delta sidewith neutral grounding transformer in the system
Figure A.9 – Single-phase injection at delta side
Figure A.10 – External single-phase fault at delta sidewith neutral grounding transformer inside protected zone [Go to Page]
A.2.8 Ratio between start currents under different fault types
A.3 d→Y conversion [Go to Page]
A.3.1 Current conversion
Table A.2 – Start currents under different fault types [Go to Page]
A.3.2 Three-phase fault at Y (star/wye) side
A.3.3 Phase-phase fault at Y (star/wye) side
A.3.4 Single-phase fault at Y (star/wye) side
A.3.5 Three-phase fault at delta side
A.3.6 Phase-phase fault at delta side
A.3.7 Single-phase fault at delta side
A.3.8 Ratio between start currents under different fault types
Table A.3 – Start currents under different fault types
Annex B (normative)Calculation of mean, median and mode [Go to Page]
B.1 Mean
B.2 Median
B.3 Mode
B.4 Example
Annex C (normative)CT requirements [Go to Page]
C.1 General
Table C.1 – Levels of remanent or remaining flux to be considered for external faults
Table C.2 – Levels of remanent or remaining flux to be considered for external faultswhen the difference of size between the CTs is limited
Figure C.1 – Fault positions to be considered for specifying the CT requirements
C.2 Transformer differential protection [Go to Page]
C.2.1 General
C.2.2 Fault 1
Figure C.2 – Fault positions to be considered for transformer differential protection [Go to Page]
C.2.3 Fault 2
C.2.4 Fault 3
C.3 Transformer restricted earth fault protection [Go to Page]
C.3.1 General
C.3.2 Fault 1
Figure C.3 – Fault positions to be considered for the restricted earth fault protection [Go to Page]
C.3.3 Fault 2
C.3.4 Fault 3
C.4 Generator differential protection [Go to Page]
C.4.1 General
C.4.2 Fault 2
Figure C.4 – External fault position to be consideredfor the generator differential protection [Go to Page]
C.4.3 Criteria and additional conditions
C.5 Motor differential protection [Go to Page]
C.5.1 General
C.5.2 Fault 1
C.5.3 Criteria and additional conditions
Figure C.5 – Internal fault position to be considered for the motor differential protection [Go to Page]
C.5.4 Start of motor, security case
C.5.5 Criteria and additional conditions
C.6 Reporting
Annex D (informative)CT saturation and influence on the performance of differential relays [Go to Page]
Figure D.1 – Fault positions to be considered for specifying the CT requirements
Figure D.2 – Additional fault position to be considered in case of summation of currents
Annex E (informative)Guidance on dimensioning of CTs for transformer differential protection [Go to Page]
E.1 General
E.2 Example 1 [Go to Page]
E.2.1 General
Figure E.1 – Transformer differential relay example 1
Table E.1 – Fault currents [Go to Page]
E.2.2 Verification of CT1 – Internal fault
E.2.3 Verification of CT1 – External fault
E.2.4 Verification of CT2
E.3 Example 2 [Go to Page]
E.3.1 General
Figure E.2 – Transformer differential relay example 2
Table E.2 – Fault currents [Go to Page]
E.3.2 Dimensioning of CT1
E.3.3 Dimensioning of CT2
Annex F (informative)Examples of test procedures to determine CT sizingrequirements for differential protection [Go to Page]
F.1 General
F.2 Test data [Go to Page]
F.2.1 General
F.2.2 Network model for CT requirement tests for the transformer differential protection
Figure F.1 – Network models and fault positions for transformer differential protection
Table F.1 – Specification of test cases for the transformer differential protection –Internal and external faults with one saturated CT
Table F.2 – Specification of test cases for the transformer differential protection –External faults with two saturated CTs
Table F.3 – Example time constants with corresponding R/X ratios [Go to Page]
F.2.3 Network model for CT requirement tests for the transformer restricted earth fault protection
Figure F.2 – Network models and fault positions for transformerrestricted earth fault protection
Table F.4 – Specification of test cases for the transformer restricted earth fault protection – Internal and external faults with one saturated CT
Table F.5 – Specification of test cases for the transformer restricted earth fault protection – External faults with two saturated CTs
F.3 CT data and CT models
Table F.6 – Excitation characteristic data for the high-remanence basic CT
Figure F.3 – Excitation characteristic for the high-remanence basic CT
Figure F.4 – Magnetization curve for the high-remanence type basic CT
Table F.7 – Magnetization curve data for the high-remanence type basic CT
Figure F.5 – Secondary current at the limit of saturation causedby the AC component with no remanent flux in the CT
Figure F.6 – Secondary current in case of maximum DC offset
Figure F.7 – Excitation characteristics for non-remanenceand high-remanence type basic CTs
Table F.8 – Excitation characteristic datafor the non-remanence type basic CT
F.4 Test summary
Figure F.8 – Magnetization curve for non-remanence type basic CTs
Table F.9 – Magnetization curve data for non-remanence type CT
Annex G (normative)Ramping methods for testing basic characteristic accuracy [Go to Page]
G.1 General
G.2 Pre-fault condition
G.3 Pseudo-continuous ramp
Figure G.1 – Secondary injected currents for the simulation of a through load of 30 %
Table G.1 – Restraining and differential currents for differentdefinitions of the restraining current
G.4 Ramp of shots
Figure G.2 – Pseudo-continuous ramp in the restraining current –Differential current plane in the time domain
Figure G.3 – Ramp of shots showing differential step change and the time step
Figure G.4 – Ramp of shots with binary search algorithm
Annex H (informative)Example of COMTRADE file for an evolving fault test case
Annex I (normative)Definition of fault inception angle [Go to Page]
Figure I.1 – Graphical definition of fault inception angle
Table I.1 – Fault type and reference voltage
Bibliography [Go to Page]

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BS EN IEC 60255-187-1:2021 Measuring relays and protection equipment - Functional requirements for differential protection. Restrained and unrestrained differential protection of motors, generators and transformers, 2023

To continue with accurate pricing,
please select your company type below: