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Manual of Practice No. 77: Design and Construction of Urban Stormwater Management Systems, 1993
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- CHAPTER 1: EVOLUTION OF URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT [Go to Page]
- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. NEED FOR THE MANUAL
- III. ORGANIZATION OF THE MANUAL
- IV. THE INTENDED AUDIENCE
- V. THEMES AND PRINCIPLES THAT DRIVE THE DESIGN EFFORT
- VI. GLOSSARY
- VII. REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 2: FINANCIAL, LEGAL, AND REGULATORY CONCERNS [Go to Page]
- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. FINANCIAL [Go to Page]
- A. STATE AND FEDERAL SOURCES
- B. LOCAL SOURCES
- III. LEGAL [Go to Page]
- A. GENERAL RULES OF LAW
- B. LIABILITY ISSUES
- IV. REGULATORY CONCERNS [Go to Page]
- A. FLOODPLAIN REGULATION
- B. SECTION 404 PERMITS
- C. EROSION CONTROL, STORMWATER DETENTION, AND SUBDIVISION ORDINANCES AND CODES
- D. STORMWATER QUALITY
- V. REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 3: SURVEYS AND INVESTIGATIONS [Go to Page]
- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. DEFINITIONS
- III. MONITORING AND DATA COLLECTION
- IV. INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR DESIGN [Go to Page]
- A. TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
- B. SURVEY AND BOUNDARY DATA
- C. SOILS AND GEOLOGIC DATA
- D. HYDROLOGIC AND HYDRAULIC DATA
- E. REGULATORY DATA
- V. FINANCIAL DATA
- VI. DATA MANAGEMENT
- VII. REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 4: DESIGN CONCEPTS AND MASTER PLANNING [Go to Page]
- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. PRINCIPLES
- III. DRAINAGE SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
- A. NATURAL CHANNELS
- B. EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION
- IV. BASIC CONCEPTUAL ELEMENTS
- V. PREVENTIVE AND CORRECTIVE ACTIONS [Go to Page]
- A. PREVENTIVE ACTIONS
- B. DELINEATION OF FLOODPLAINS
- C. CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
- VI. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
- A. MAJOR DRAINAGEWAYS
- B. STREETS
- C. STORM SEWERS
- D. STORM INLETS
- E. INTERSECTIONS
- F. FLOW CONTROL DEVICES
- G. TRASH RACKS (SAFETY RACKS)
- H. DETENTION FACILITIES
- I. WATER QUALITY MITIGATION MEASURES (OTHER THAN DETENTION)
- J. OTHER SPECIAL STRUCTURES
- VII. RISK ANALYSIS [Go to Page]
- A. DEFINITIONS
- B. METHODOLOGY
- VIII. DESIGN ECONOMICS
- IX. DRAINAGE MASTER PLANNING
- X. REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 5: HYDROLOGY AND INTRODUCTION TO WATER QUALITY [Go to Page]
- I. INTRODUCTION [Go to Page]
- A. EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON STREAMFLOWS
- B. QUALITY OF URBAN RUNOFF
- II. QUANTITY OF STORMWATER [Go to Page]
- A. OVERVIEW
- B. DESIGN POINTS, CATCHMENTS, AND RETURN PERIODS
- C. METHODS FOR COMPUTING STORMWATER FLOWS
- D. DESIGN RAINFALL
- E. RAINFALL ABSTRACTIONS
- F. RUNOFF HYDROGRAPHS
- G. RATIONAL METHOD FOR PEAK DISCHARGE
- H. ASSESSING THE REASONABLENESS OF COMPUTED FLOWS
- I. INTERPRETATION OF COMPUTED FLOWS
- J. SIGNIFICANCE OF HISTORIC FLOOD DATA
- III. QUALITY OF STORM SEWER DISCHARGES [Go to Page]
- A. POLLUTANT SOURCES: NON-STORM WATER SOURCES
- B. POLLUTANT SOURCES: RUNOFF RELATED SOURCES
- C. WATER QUALITY IMPACTS OF STORM WATER DISCHARGES
- IV. REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 6: STORM DRAINAGE HYDRAULICS [Go to Page]
- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. FLOW CLASSIFICATION [Go to Page]
- A. STEADY VS. UNSTEADY FLOW
- B. UNIFORM VS. NONUNIFORM FLOW
- C. OPEN CHANNEL VS. CLOSED CONDUIT FLOW
- D. LAMINAR VS. TURBULENT FLOW
- E. SUBCRITICAL VS. SUPERCRITICAL FLOW
- III. CONSERVATION OF MASS
- IV. CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
- V. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY [Go to Page]
- A. HYDRAULIC AND ENERGY GRADE LINES
- B. SPECIFIC ENERGY
- C. FROUDE NUMBER
- D. CRITICAL DEPTH
- VI. NORMAL DEPTH
- VII. WATER SURFACE PROFILES
- VIII. HYDRAULIC JUMP
- IX. FRICTION LOSSES [Go to Page]
- A. HAZEN-WILLIAMS FORMULA
- B. DARCY-WEISBACH EQUATION
- C. MANNING EQUATION
- X. MINOR LOSSES [Go to Page]
- A. TRANSITION LOSSES
- B. ENTRANCE LOSSES
- C. MANHOLE AND JUNCTION LOSSES
- D. BEND LOSSES
- XI. CALCULATION OF WATER SURFACE PROFILES
- XII. SPECIAL HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES [Go to Page]
- A. STORM SEWER INLETS
- B. CULVERTS
- C. ENERGY DISSIPATORS
- D. DROP STRUCTURES
- E. OUTLET STRUCTURES
- XIII. ROUTING [Go to Page]
- A. TYPES OF ROUTING METHODS
- B. DETENTION BASIN ROUTING BY MODIFIED PULS METHOD
- XIV. REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 7: COMPUTER MODELLING [Go to Page]
- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION [Go to Page]
- A. DRAINAGE AND FLOODING
- B. DETENTION/RETENTION STORAGE
- C. SEDIMENTATION
- D. WATER QUALITY
- III. URBAN MODELING OBJECTIVES AND CONSIDERATIONS [Go to Page]
- A. PLANNING, ANALYSIS/DESIGN AND OPERATION
- B. WHEN SHOULD A MODEL BE USED?
- IV. MODEL DEFINITION
- V. OVERVIEW OF AVAILABLE MODELING OPTIONS [Go to Page]
- A. INTRODUCTION
- B. CONTINUOUS VERSUS SINGLE-EVENT SIMULATION
- C. MODELING OPTIONS
- VI. COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS
- VII. STEPS IN MODELING [Go to Page]
- A. DATA REQUIREMENTS
- B. BASIC INPUT DATA
- C RAINFALL INPUT
- D. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
- E. CALIBRATION
- F. VERIFICATION
- G. UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
- H. PRODUCTION RUNS
- VIII. MODELS [Go to Page]
- A. PUBLISHED REVIEWS
- B. MODELS TO BE REVIEWED
- IX. MODEL SELECTION
- X. COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING AND DESIGN (CADD)
- XI SUMMARY
- XII. REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 8: DESIGN OF DRAINAGE CONVEYANCES [Go to Page]
- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. FREQUENCY OF DESIGN RUNOFF
- III. GENERALIZED DESIGN PROCEDURES [Go to Page]
- A. PRELIMINARY DESIGN
- B. OVERVIEW OF FINAL DESIGN
- IV. SYSTEM LAYOUT [Go to Page]
- A. LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
- B. MANHOLES (CLEANOUT STRUCTURES)
- C. GRADE AND COVER
- V. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF STORM SEWERS [Go to Page]
- A. DESIGN OF CLOSED CONDUITS
- B. PRESSURIZED STORM SEWERS
- VI. STORM SEWER INLETS [Go to Page]
- A. CATEGORIES, DEFINITIONS, AND APPLICATIONS
- B. CURB OPENING INLETS
- C. GRATE INLETS
- D. CURB AND GRATE (COMBINATION) INLETS
- E. SPECIAL PURPOSE INLETS
- F. INLET DESIGN CRITERIA AND PRACTICES
- G. INLET SELECTION
- VII. INFILTRATION AND EXFILTRATION [Go to Page]
- A. DELIBERATE INFILTRATION/EXFILTRATION
- B. INADVERTENT INFILTRATION/EXFILTRATION
- VIII. STREET AND INTERSECTION DESIGN [Go to Page]
- A. CLASSIFICATION OF STREETS
- B. EFFECT OF STORMWATER RUNOFF ON STREET TRAFFIC CAPACITY
- C. STORM DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR URBAN STREETS
- D. STORM DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR RURAL STREETS
- IX. MAJOR DRAINAGEWAYS (OPEN CHANNELS) [Go to Page]
- A. CHOICE OF CHANNEL
- B. HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
- C. CONCRETE-LINED CHANNELS
- D. GRASS-LINED ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS
- E. NATURAL AND COMPOSITE CHANNELS
- F. OTHER CHANNELS
- X. CULVERTS AND BRIDGES [Go to Page]
- A. CULVERTS
- B. BRIDGES
- XI. APPLICATION OF THE RATIONAL METHOD IN DESIGN
- XII. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS [Go to Page]
- A. ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES
- B. ENGINEER'S ESTIMATE OF CONSTRUCTION COST
- XIII. REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 9: SPECIAL STRUCTURES AND APPURTENANCES [Go to Page]
- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. EROSION AND SCOUR [Go to Page]
- A. DETERMINATION OF SCOUR POTENTIAL
- B. CHANNEL SIDE SLOPES
- C. LOCAL SCOUR
- D. STRUCTURAL MEASURES FOR CHANNEL PROTECTION
- III. EROSION PROTECTION MEASURES FOR CHANNELS [Go to Page]
- A. DEFINITIONS, CATEGORIES, AND APPLICATIONS
- B. CHANNEL BANK AND BED PROTECTION
- C. RIPRAP PROTECTION AT OUTLETS
- IV. CHECK DAMS [Go to Page]
- A. CATEGORIES, DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS
- B. POROUS CHECK DAMS
- C. IMPERVIOUS CHECK DAMS
- D. CHECK DAM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
- V. ENERGY DISSIPATORS [Go to Page]
- A. DEFINITIONS, APPLICATIONS AND CATEGORIES
- B. RIPRAP BASINS FOR SMALL CULVERT OUTLETS
- C. STILLING BASINS
- D. SIMPLE ENERGY-DISSIPATING HEADWALLS
- E. DESIGN CRITERIA AND PRACTICES
- VI. DROP STRUCTURES [Go to Page]
- A. CATEGORIES, DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS
- B. OPEN CHANNEL DROPS (DROP SPILLWAYS)
- C. DROP SHAFT STRUCTURES
- VII. SIPHONS [Go to Page]
- A. DEFINITIONS, CATEGORIES, AND APPLICATIONS
- B. SINGLE-BARREL SIPHONS
- C. MULTI-BARREL SIPHONS
- D. DESIGN CRITERIA AND PRACTICES
- VIII. SIDE-OVERFLOW WEIRS [Go to Page]
- A. DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS
- B. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
- C. DESIGN PRACTICES
- IX. FLOW SPLITTERS, JUNCTIONS, FLAP GATES, AND MANHOLES [Go to Page]
- A. FLOW SPLITTERS
- B. JUNCTIONS
- C. FLAP GATES
- D. MANHOLES
- X. STORMWATER PUMPING [Go to Page]
- A. INTRODUCTION
- B. PLANNING AND SITE CONSIDERATIONS
- C. DESIGN FEATURES
- D. STORAGE
- E. PUMPS
- F. MASS CURVE ROUTING
- XI. REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 10: COMBINED SEWER SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
- I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF COMBINED SEWERAGE SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
- A. INTRODUCTION
- B. FLOW REGULATION DEVICES
- C. OVERFLOWS
- D. INTERCEPTORS
- II. COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW POLLUTION LOADS
- III. METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS [Go to Page]
- A. GENERAL
- B. DATA COLLECTION
- C. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
- D. ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING AND FUTURE LAND-BASED CONDITIONS
- E. DEFINITION OF RECEIVING WATER ISSUES AND GOALS
- IV. COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW MITIGATION TECHNIQUES [Go to Page]
- A. GENERAL
- B. IDENTIFICATION OF APPLICABLE CSO MITIGATION TECHNIQUES
- C. COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
- D. NONSTRUCTURAL TECHNIQUES
- E. STRUCTURAL ALTERNATIVES
- F. SELECTION OF CSO MITIGATION TECHNIQUES
- V. REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 11: DESIGN OF STORMWATER IMPOUNDMENTS [Go to Page]
- I. INTRODUCTION [Go to Page]
- A. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
- B. WATER QUALITY PROVISIONS
- II. TYPES OF IMPOUNDMENTS
- III. THE TWO BASIC APPROACHES [Go to Page]
- A. ON-SITE IMPOUNDMENTS
- B. WATERSHED PLANNING AND REGIONAL DETENTION BASINS
- IV. DETERMINING STORAGE AND OUTLET CHARACTERISTICS [Go to Page]
- A. RATIONAL METHOD
- B. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE METHODS
- C. OTHER MODELING PROCEDURES
- D. PROVISIONS TO BYPASS FLOWS FROM UPSTREAM
- V. OUTLETS AND TRASH RACKS [Go to Page]
- A. OUTLET TYPES
- B. TRASH RACKS
- C. OUTLET SAFETY
- VI. SPILLWAYS, EMBANKMENTS AND UNDERDRAINAGE [Go to Page]
- A. EMERGENCY SPILLWAYS
- B. EMBANKMENTS
- C. UNDERDRAINAGE OF IMPOUNDMENT AREAS
- VII. SPECIAL APPLICATIONS [Go to Page]
- A. DETENTION BASINS IN FLOOD PLAINS
- B. WET BASINS
- C. INFILTRATION BASINS
- D. ON-STREAM IMPOUNDMENTS
- E. OVERSIZING STORM SEWERS TO SERVE AS STORMWATER IMPOUNDMENTS
- F. RECREATION AND AESTHETIC USES
- G. UNDERGROUND IMPOUNDMENTS
- H. PUMP-EVACUATED IMPOUNDMENTS
- IX. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS [Go to Page]
- A. MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN STAGE
- B. MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS, GENERAL
- C. OUTLET MAINTENANCE
- X. REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 12: STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR WATER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT [Go to Page]
- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. HYDROLOGY FOR RUNOFF QUALITY CONTROL
- III. AXIOMS FOR THE DESIGN OF URBAN RUNOFF QUALITY CONTROLS
- IV. SOURCE CONTROLS
- V. SITE CONTROLS FOR STORMWATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT [Go to Page]
- A. MINIMIZATION OF DIRECTLY CONNECTED IMPERVIOUS AREA
- B. SWALES AND FILTER STRIPS
- C. POROUS PAVEMENT AND PARKING BLOCKS
- D. INFILTRATION DEVICES
- VI. DETENTION PRACTICES [Go to Page]
- A. DRY DETENTION
- B. WET DETENTION PONDS
- VII. USING WETLANDS FOR STORMWATER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT
- VIII. ALUM TREATMENT OF STORMWATER
- IX. IMPLEMENTING STORMWATER QUALITY CONTROLS
- XI. REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 13: MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE [Go to Page]
- I. INTRODUCTION [Go to Page]
- A. GENERAL
- B. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
- C. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
- D. MATERIALS
- II. MATERIALS FOR OPEN, LINED CHANNELS
- III. CONDUIT MATERIALS [Go to Page]
- A. RIGID PIPE
- B. FLEXIBLE PIPE
- C. PIPE JOINTS
- IV. MAINTENANCE [Go to Page]
- A. INTRODUCTION
- B. MAINTENANCE OBJECTIVES
- C. LIFE-CYCLE STAGES OF A STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
- D. MAINTENANCE OF OPEN CHANNEL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
- E. MAINTENANCE OF PIPED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
- V. SUMMARY
- VI. REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 14: STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS [Go to Page]
- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
- III. PROJECT LIFETIME FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN
- IV. ESTABLISHMENT OF DESIGN CONDITIONS [Go to Page]
- A. GENERAL
- B. FLOW CONDITIONS
- C. GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS
- D. ADJACENT EARTH CONDITIONS
- E. SUPERIMPOSED LOADINGS
- F. CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS
- G. DOCUMENTATION OF CRITICAL DESIGN CONDITIONS
- V. DETERMINATION OF LOADS [Go to Page]
- A. GENERAL
- B. HYDRAULIC LOADS
- C. EARTH LOADS
- D. GROUNDWATER LOADS
- E. SUPERIMPOSED LOADS
- VI. STABILITY ANALYSIS [Go to Page]
- A. GENERAL
- B. OVERTURNING
- C. SLIDING
- D. UPLIFT AND FLOTATION
- E. SOIL BEARING PRESSURES
- VII. DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS [Go to Page]
- A. GENERAL
- B. SELECTION OF MATERIALS
- C. SIZING OF MEMBERS
- VIII. CONDUIT STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS [Go to Page]
- A. INTRODUCTION
- B. LOADS ON SEWERS CAUSED BY GRAVITY EARTH FORCES
- C. SUPERIMPOSED LOADS ON SEWERS
- D. PIPE BEDDING AND BACKFILLING
- E. DESIGN SAFETY FACTOR AND PERFORMANCE LIMITS
- F. RIGID SEWER PIPE DESIGN
- G. FLEXIBLE SEWER PIPE DESIGN
- IX. DESIGN OF OTHER SPECIFIC STRUCTURES [Go to Page]
- A. OPEN CHANNEL LININGS
- B. OPEN CHANNEL STRUCTURES
- C. CLOSED CONDUIT APPURTENANCES
- D. DETENTION/RETENTION DAMS AND PONDS
- X. REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 15: CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT DOCUMENTS [Go to Page]
- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. CONTRACT DRAWINGS [Go to Page]
- A. DRAWING PREPARATION
- B. CONTENTS
- III. SPECIFICATIONS [Go to Page]
- A. ADDENDA
- B. BIDDING REQUIREMENTS
- C. CONTRACT FORMS
- D. CONDITIONS OF THE CONTRACT
- E. DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS
- IV. CHECKLIST [Go to Page]
- A. BIDDING REQUIREMENTS
- B. CONTRACT FORMS
- C. CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT
- D. DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS
- V. REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 16: CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS [Go to Page]
- I. INTRODUCTION
- II. CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS [Go to Page]
- A. GENERAL
- B. RIGHT-OF-WAY
- C. PRELIMINARY LAYOUTS
- D. SETTING LINE AND GRADE
- III. SAFETY [Go to Page]
- A. GENERAL
- B. EXCAVATION
- C. TUNNELLING
- D. BLASTING
- IV. SITE PREPARATION [Go to Page]
- A. CLEARING AND GRUBBING
- B. ACCESS
- C. UTILITIES
- V. EXCAVATION [Go to Page]
- A. GENERAL
- B. STRIPPING
- C. LARGE SCALE EXCAVATION
- D. SMALL-SCALE EXCAVATION
- E. DREDGING
- F. ROCK EXCAVATION
- VI. OPEN-TRENCH CONSTRUCTION [Go to Page]
- A. TRENCH DIMENSIONS
- B. EXCAVATION PROCEDURES
- C. SHEETING AND BRACING
- VII. TUNNELLING [Go to Page]
- A. AUGER OR BORING METHOD
- B. JACKING
- C. MINING METHODS
- VIII. DEWATERING
- IX. FOUNDATIONS
- X. BACKFILLING [Go to Page]
- A. DEGREE OF COMPACTION
- B. TRENCH BACKFILLING SEQUENCE
- C. METHODS OF COMPACTION
- XI. PIPE STORM SEWERS [Go to Page]
- A. STORM SEWER PIPE QUALITY
- B. STORM SEWER PIPE HANDLING
- C. STORM SEWER PIPE PLACEMENT
- D. MANHOLES AND INLETS
- XII. OPEN CHANNELS [Go to Page]
- A. TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNELS
- B. RECTANGULAR CHANNELS
- C. LOW-FLOW CHANNELS
- D. STRUCTURES
- XIII. RIPRAP [Go to Page]
- A. NON-GROUTED RIPRAP
- B. GROUTED RIPRAP
- XIV. EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL
- XV. SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION [Go to Page]
- A. RAILROAD CROSSINGS
- B. PRINCIPAL TRAFFIC ARTERIES
- C. OUTFALL STRUCTURES
- XVI. CONSTRUCTION RECORDS
- XVII. REFERENCES
- APPENDIX A: PLANNING AND DESIGN EXAMPLES [Go to Page]
- I. RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY PROTECTION—NEWPORT NEWS, VA [Go to Page]
- A. Introduction
- B. Regional BMP Siting Coniderations
- C. General Design Criteria
- D. Recommended Regional BMP Facilities Plan
- E. Water Quality Benefits
- F. Project Priorities
- G. Cost Estimates
- H. References
- II. CASE STUDY OF A MULTIPURPOSE FLOOD CONTROL FACILITY [Go to Page]
- A. Introduction
- B. Recent History of Infrastructure Needs
- C. Designing the Multi-Purpose Project
- D. Financing the Multi-Purpose Project
- E. Constructing the Multi-Purpose Project
- F. Building Community Support for the Multi-Purpose Project
- G. Summary and Conclusions
- H. References
- INDEX [Go to Page]
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- Z [Go to Page]