Significance and Use

FT is typically used to identify flaws that occur in the manufacture of composite structures, or to track flaw development during service. Flaws detected with FT include delamination, disbonds, voids, inclusions, foreign object debris, porosity or the presence of water that is in contact with the back surface. With dedicated signal processing and the use of representative test samples, characterization of flaw depth and size, or measurement of component thickness and thermal diffusivity may be performed.

Since FT is based on the diffusion of thermal energy from the inspection surface of the specimen to the opposing surface (or the depth plane of interest), the practice requires that data acquisition allows sufficient time for this process to occur, and that at the completion of the acquisition process, the radiated surface temperature signal collected by the IR camera is strong enough to be distinguished from spurious IR contributions from background sources or system noise.

This method is based on accurate detection of changes in the emitted IR energy emanating from the inspection surface during the cooling process. As the emissivity of the inspection surface deviates from ideal blackbody behavior (emissivity = 1), the signal detected by the IR camera may include components that are reflected from the inspection surface. Most composite materials can be examined without special surface preparation. However, it may be necessary to coat low-emissivity, optically translucent inspection surfaces with an optically opaque, high-emissivity water-washable paint.

This practice applies to the detection of flaws with aspect ratio greater than one.

This practice is based on the thermal response of a specimen to a light pulse that is uniformly distributed over the plane of the inspection surface. To ensure that 1- dimensional heat flow from the surface into the sample is the primary cooling mechanism during the data acquisition period, the height and width dimensions of the heated area should be significantly greater than the thickness of the specimen, or the depth plane of interest.

This practice applies to flat panels, or to curved panels where the local surface normal is less than 30 degrees from the IR camera optical axis

1. Scope

1.1 This practice describes a procedure for detecting subsurface flaws in composite panels and repair patches using Flash Thermography (FT), in which an infrared (IR) camera is used to detect anomalous cooling behavior of a sample surface after it has been heated with a spatially uniform light pulse from a flash lamp array.

1.2 This practice describes established FT test methods that are currently used by industry, and have demonstrated utility in quality assurance of composite structures during post-manufacturing and in-service examinations.

1.3 This practice has utility for testing of polymer composite panels and repair patches containing, but not limited to, bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amide imide), polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(ether imide), polyimide (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(phenylene sulfide), or polysulfone matrices; and alumina, aramid, boron, carbon, glass, quartz, or silicon carbide fibers. Typical as-fabricated geometries include uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply laminates; as well as honeycomb core sandwich core materials.

1.4 This practice has utility for testing of ceramic matrix composite panels containing, but not limited to, silicon carbide, silicon nitride and carbon matrix and fibers.

1.5 This practice applies to polymer or ceramic matrix composite structures with inspection surfaces that are sufficiently optically opaque to absorb incident light, and that have sufficient emissivity to allow monitoring of the surface temperature with an IR camera. Excessively thick samples, or samples with low thermal diffusivities, require long acquisition periods and yield weak signals approaching background and noise levels, and may be impractical for this technique.

1.6 This practice applies to detection of flaws in a composite panel or repair patch, or at the bonded interface between the panel and a supporting sandwich core or solid substrate. It does not apply to discontinuities in the sandwich core, or at the interface between the sandwich core and a second panel on the far side of the core (with respect to the inspection apparatus).

1.7 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria and is not intended to be used as a basis for approving composite structures for service.

This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.

ASTM Standards

D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials

E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations

Keywords

composite; flash; IR; nondestructive; thermography;

ICS Code

ICS Number Code 49.035 (Components for aerospace construction)

DOI: 10.1520/E2582-07

ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.

ASTM E2582