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Description of ASTM-C856 2017ASTM C856-17Historical Standard: Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened ConcreteASTM C856Scope 1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples examined may be taken from concrete constructions, they may be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be concrete or mortar specimens that have been exposed in natural environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. The phrase “concrete constructions” is intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic cement concrete. Note 1: A photographic chart of materials, phenomena, and reaction products discussed in Sections 8 – 13 and Tables 1-6 are available as Adjunct C856 (ADJCO856).
(A) A substantial portion of the coarse aggregate has maximum dimensions in the range shown as measured on
sawed or broken surfaces.
(B) Sections sawed or drilled close to and parallel to formed surfaces appear to show local turbulence as a
result of spading or rodding close to the form. Sections sawed in the plane of bedding (normal to the direction of placement) are likely to have inconspicuous orientation. Sections broken
normal to placement in conventionally placed concrete with normal bond tend to have aggregate knobs abundant on the bottom of the upper piece as cast and sockets abundant on the top of the
lower piece as cast.
(A) Dana, E. S., Textbook of
Mineralogy, revised by W. E. Ford, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N. Y., 4th ed., 1932, pp. 273–274.
(B) Pore visible to the naked eye, or at × _, or sucks in water that is dropped on it.
(C) Dark solid spheres or hollow-centered spheres of glass, or of magnetite, or some of glass and some of
magnetite, recognizable at magnification of × 9 on sawed or broken surfaces. Other mineral admixtures with characteristic particles visible at low magnification are recognizable. Ground
surface of concrete containing portland blast-furnace slag cement are unusually white near-free surfaces but retain greenish or blue-greenish patches, and slag particles can be seen with the
stereomicroscope or polarizing microscope.
(A) Secondary ettringite can sometimes be recognized by crystal habit and silky luster.
(B) Fly ash can be detected by color and shape when dark spheres are present. In concrete that has not oxidized
the presence of slag may be inferred from the green or blue color of the paste.
(C) Ettringite and calcium hydroxide in voids may be recognized by their crystal habits.
(D) Magnesium oxide and calcium oxide should be identifiable in polished section.
(A) The literature and private reports include data on many unidentified secondary compounds in concrete; these
are not included in the tabulation. Indexes of refraction of common mineralogic types are taken from standard works on mineralogy.
(B) Higher and lower indexes of refraction have been recorded for naturally occurring ettringite (13) and thaumasite (12), but it is not known that the naturally occurring minerals and compounds found in hydrated cement are of the same composition.
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are applicable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened hydraulic-cement mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the material for examination is designated as “concrete,” even though the commentary may be applicable to the other mixtures, unless the reference is specifically to media other than concrete. 1.3 The purposes of and procedures for petrographic examination of hardened concrete are given in the following sections:
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units in parentheses are provided for information purposes only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 6.2.10.1. Keywords aggregates; air voids; alkali-silica reaction; analysis; deterioration; examination; fire effects; hardened concrete; microscopy; paste; petrographic; secondary deposits; ICS Code ICS Number Code 91.100.30 (Concrete and concrete products) DOI: 10.1520/C0856-17 The following editions for this book are also available...
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About ASTMASTM International, formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), is a globally recognized leader in the development and delivery of international voluntary consensus standards. Today, some 12,000 ASTM standards are used around the world to improve product quality, enhance safety, facilitate market access and trade, and build consumer confidence. ASTM’s leadership in international standards development is driven by the contributions of its members: more than 30,000 of the world’s top technical experts and business professionals representing 150 countries. Working in an open and transparent process and using ASTM’s advanced electronic infrastructure, ASTM members deliver the test methods, specifications, guides, and practices that support industries and governments worldwide. |
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