Significance and Use

This guide identifies methods to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of a variety of hazardous and/or radioactive wastes including heavy metal contaminated wastes. These wastes can be in the physical form of sludges (wet or dry), spent waste water filter aids, waste water filter cakes, incinerator ashes (wet or dry), incinerator blowdown (wet or dry), asbestos, resins, zeolites, soils, unset or unsatisfactory cementitious waste forms in need of remediation, lead paint wastes, radioactively or non-radioactively contaminated asbestos, geologic mill tailings (also known as byproduct materials) and other naturally occurring or accelerator produced radioactive materials (NORM and NARM), etc. and combinations of the above. This guide may not be applicable to piping, duct work, rubble, debris waste or wastes containing these components.

This guide identifies the physical and chemical characteristics useful for developing high temperature thermal treatment methodologies for a variety of hazardous and/or radioactive process wastes and soils including heavy metal contaminated wastes. The waste characteristics can be used to ( 1 ) choose and develop the thermal treatment methodology, ( 2 ) determine if waste pretreatment is needed, ( 3 ) aid in development of thermal treatment process control, ( 4 ) develop surrogate waste formulations, ( 5 ) perform treatability studies, ( 6 ) determine processing regions (envelopes) of acceptable waste form composition, and/or ( 7 ) perform pilot scale testing with actual or surrogate waste, and/or ( 8 ) determine the composition and concentrations of off-gas species for regulatory compliance.

This guide identifies applicable test methods that can be used to measure the desired characteristics of the hazardous and/or radioactive wastes described in 4.1. The analyses discussed in this standard can be performed by a variety of techniques depending on equipment availability. For example, Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) can be used to measure the amount and type of off-gas species present. However, this standard assumes that such sophisticated equipment is unavailable for radioactive or hazardous waste service due to potential contamination of the equipment. The analyses recommended are, therefore, the simplest and least costly analyses that can be performed and still considered adequate. Not every characteristic given in this guide is necessary for every waste (see Fig. 1). Cation analysis is necessary for every waste in order to determine whether the final waste form will be a homogeneous glass, a glass-ceramic, or a slag (see Appendix X1).

Waste Analysis Method A is applicable when it is desired to know the amount and type of volatiles to be expected during thermal treatment and their compatibility with the thermal treatment and off-gas unit materials of construction and design capacity. These methods may be used to determine incinerator off-gas composition and concentrations.

Waste analysis Method A is applicable when it is necessary to know the amount of organics in the waste independently of the amount of other volatile constituents present for safety concerns. These methods may be used to determine incinerator off-gas composition and concentrations.

Waste analysis Method A is applicable when it is necessary to know if molten salt formation and accumulation in a thermal treatment unit in the presence of water vapor may be a safety concern.

Waste Analysis Methods B and C are applicable when it is desired to only know the amount of volatiles to be expected during thermal treatment, for example, when speciation of the volatiles and potential molten salt formation is not of concern. These methods may be used to determine the total concentration of incinerator off-gases.

Data from these tests may form part of the larger body of data that are necessary in the logical approach to development of high temperature treatment and/or pretreatment methodologies for a variety of hazardous and/or radioactive wastes as described in 4.1.

FIG. 1 Choice of Test Methods

1. Scope

1.1 This guide identifies methods to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of radioactive and/or hazardous wastes before a waste is processed at high temperatures, for example, vitrification into a homogeneous glass ,glass-ceramic, or ceramic waste form. This includes waste forms produced by ex-situ vitrification (ESV), in-situ vitrification (ISV), slagging, plasma-arc, hot-isostatic pressing (HIP) and/or cold-pressing and sintering technologies. Note that this guide does not specifically address high temperature waste treatment by incineration but several of the analyses described in this guide may be useful diagnostic methods to determine incinerator off-gas composition and concentrations.

The characterization of the waste(s) recommended in this guide can be used to ( 1 ) choose and develop the appropriate thermal treatment methodology, ( 2 ) determine if waste pretreatment is needed prior to thermal treatment, ( 3 ) aid in development of thermal treatment process control, ( 4 ) develop surrogate waste formulations, ( 5 ) perform treatability studies, ( 6 ) determine processing regions (envelopes) of acceptable waste form composition, ( 7 ) perform pilot scale testing with actual or surrogate waste, and/or ( 8 ) determine the composition and concentrations of off-gas species for regulatory compliance.

The analyses discussed in this standard can be performed by a variety of techniques depending on equipment availability. For example, Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) can be used to measure the amount and type of off-gas species present. However, this standard assumes that such sophisticated equipment is unavailable for radioactive or hazardous waste service due to potential contamination of the equipment. The analyses recommended are, therefore, the simplest and least costly analyses that can be performed and still be considered adequate

1.2 This guide is applicable to radioactive and/or hazardous wastes including but not limited to, high-level wastes, low-level wastes, transuranic (TRU) wastes, hazardous wastes, mixed (hazardous and radioactive) wastes, heavy metal contaminated wastes, and naturally occurring or accelerator produced radioactive material (NARM or NORM) wastes. These wastes can be in the physical form of wet sludges, dried sludges, spent waste water filter aids, waste water filter cakes, incinerator ashes (wet or dry), incinerator blowdown (wet or dry), wastewaters, asbestos, resins, zeolites, soils, unset or unsatisfactory cementitious wastes forms in need of remediation, lead paint wastes, etc. and combinations of the above. This guide may not be applicable to piping, duct work, rubble, debris waste or wastes containing these components.

1.3 This guide references applicable test methods that can be used to characterize hazardous wastes, radioactive wastes, and heavy metal contaminated process wastes, waste forms, NARM or NORM wastes, and soils.

1.4 These test methods must be performed in accordance with all quality assurance requirements for acceptance of the data.

1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.

ASTM Standards

C92 Test Methods for Sieve Analysis and Water Content of Refractory Materials

C146 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Glass Sand

C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products

C169 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soda-Lime and Borosilicate Glass

C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products

C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials

C1109 Practice for Analysis of Aqueous Leachates from Nuclear Waste Materials Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

C1111 Test Method for Determining Elements in Waste Streams by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

C1168 Practice for Preparation and Dissolution of Plutonium Materials for Analysis

C1317 Practice for Dissolution of Silicate or Acid-Resistant Matrix Samples

C1463 Practices for Dissolving Glass Containing Radioactive and Mixed Waste for Chemical and Radiochemical Analysis

D1129 Terminology Relating to Water

D4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by Suppressed Ion Chromatography

Other Documents

Keywords

accuracy assessment; mass balance; thermal treatment; waste analyses; Accuracy assessment; Chemical properties/characteristics; Hazardous waste materials; Mass balance; Physical properties/dimensions/characteristics; Radioactive waste materials; Thermal treatment; Waste materials/processing/analysis

ICS Code

ICS Number Code 13.030.30 (Special wastes)

DOI: 10.1520/C1571-03R12

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ASTM C1571