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Design Guide for Improving Hospital Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds: Providing Protection to People and Buildings, 2007
- FEMA 577: Design Guide for Improving Hospital Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds Cover
- About the Cover
- Title Page
- FOREWARD AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS [Go to Page]
- Background
- Objective and Scope
- Organization and Content
- Acknowledgments
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- Chapter 1 [Go to Page]
- 1 HOSPITAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS [Go to Page]
- 1.1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.2 HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY [Go to Page]
- 1.2.1 Ambulatory Care
- 1.2.2 Patient Volume
- 1.2.3 Aging Facilities
- 1.2.4 Healing Environments
- 1.2.5 Technological Advances
- 1.3 HAZARD MITIGATION [Go to Page]
- 1.3.1 Assessing Risk
- 1.3.2 Evacuation Considerations
- 1.3.3 Potential Vulnerabilities [Go to Page]
- 1.3.3.1 Structural Vulnerability
- 1.3.3.2 Nonstructural Vulnerability
- 1.3.3.3 Spatial and Other Organizational Vulnerabilities
- 1.4 HOSPITAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION [Go to Page]
- 1.4.1 Building Codes
- 1.5 MULTI-HAZARD DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS [Go to Page]
- 1.5.1 The Need for a Multi-Hazard Approach
- 1.5.2 Multi-Hazard Design Matrix
- 1.6 REFERENCES
- Chapter 2 [Go to Page]
- 2 MAKING HOSPITALS SAFE FROM EARTHQUAKES [Go to Page]
- 2.1 INTRODUCTION [Go to Page]
- 2.1.1 The Nature and Probability of Earthquakes
- 2.1.2 Earthquake Effects
- 2.1.3 Measuring Earthquake Effects [Go to Page]
- 2.1.3.1 Measuring Seismic Ground Motion
- 2.1.3.2 Measuring Potential for Liquefaction
- 2.1.3.3 Measuring Potential for Landslide
- 2.1.3.4 Measuring Potential for Tsunami and Seiche
- 2.1.4 Earthquakes:”‚A National Problem
- 2.2 SEISMIC BUILDING DESIGN [Go to Page]
- 2.2.1 The Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Analysis Methodology [Go to Page]
- 2.2.1.1 Acceleration
- 2.2.1.2 Soil Amplification and Soil Type
- 2.2.1.3 Building Period
- 2.2.2 Critical Building Characteristics [Go to Page]
- 2.2.2.1 Period and Resonance
- 2.2.2.2 Damping
- 2.2.2.3 Nonlinear Behavior
- 2.2.2.4 Ductility
- 2.2.2.5 Strength and Stiffness
- 2.2.2.6 Drift
- 2.2.2.7 Configuration:”‚Size and Shape
- 2.2.2.8 Stress Concentrations
- 2.2.2.9 Torsional Forces
- 2.2.3 Specifications for Performance-Based Seismic Design [Go to Page]
- 2.2.3.1 Performance Levels
- 2.2.3.2 New Developments in Performance-Based Design
- 2.3 EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE TO HOSPITALS [Go to Page]
- 2.3.1 Types of Structural Damage [Go to Page]
- 2.3.1.1 The Case of the Olive View Medical Center
- 2.3.2 Nonstructural Damage [Go to Page]
- 2.3.2.1 The Case of New Olive View Medical Center
- 2.3.2.2 The Case of Kona Community Hospital, Hawaii
- 2.3.3 Consequences of Building Damage
- 2.3.4 Seismic Vulnerability of Hospitals [Go to Page]
- 2.3.4.1 Seismic Vulnerability of Hospitals Based on Historical Performance in California
- 2.3.4.2 Vulnerability Assessment of Hospital Buildings
- 2.3.4.3 Comparability of Hospital Buildings
- 2.4 RISK REDUCTION MEASURES [Go to Page]
- 2.4.1 Site Selection Basics
- 2.4.2 Seismic Design Basics
- 2.4.3 Structural Systems [Go to Page]
- 2.4.3.1 Basic Types of Lateral Force Resisting Systems
- 2.4.3.2 Innovative Structural Systems
- 2.4.3.3 Structural Systems Selection
- 2.4.4 Nonstructural Components and Systems [Go to Page]
- 2.4.4.1 Code Regulated Nonstructural Systems
- 2.4.4.2 Interstitial Space for Utility Installations
- 2.4.5 Mitigation Measures for New Buildings [Go to Page]
- 2.4.5.1 The Case of Loma Linda Veterans Hospital
- 2.4.6 Mitigation Measures for existing Buildings [Go to Page]
- 2.4.6.1 Procedures and Design Strategies for Rehabilitation of Structural Systems
- 2.4.6.2 The Case of Naval Hospital Bremerton
- 2.4.6.3 Procedures and Design Strategies for Rehabilitation of Nonstructural Systems
- 2.4.6.4 Summary of Risk Reduction Measures for Existing Buildings
- 2.5 CHECKLIST FOR SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF HOSPITALS
- 2.6 REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
- Chapter 3 [Go to Page]
- 3 MAKING HOSPITALS SAFE FROM FLO0DING [Go to Page]
- 3.1 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS [Go to Page]
- 3.1.1 The Nature of Flooding
- 3.1.2 Probability of Occurrence or Frequency
- 3.1.3 Flood Characteristics and Loads [Go to Page]
- 3.1.3.1 Hydrostatic Loads
- 3.1.3.2 Hydrodynamic Loads
- 3.1.3.3 Debris Impact Loads
- 3.1.3.4 Erosion and Local Scour
- 3.1.4 Design Parameters [Go to Page]
- 3.1.4.1 Flood Depth
- 3.1.4.2 Design Flood Elevation 
- 3.1.4.3 Flood Velocity—Riverine
- 3.1.4.4 Flood Velocity—Coastal
- 3.1.5 Flood Hazard Maps and Zones [Go to Page]
- 3.1.5.1 NFIP Flood Maps
- 3.1.5.2 NFIP Flood Zones
- 3.1.5.3 Coastal A Zones
- 3.1.6 Floodplain Management Requirements and Building Codes [Go to Page]
- 3.1.6.1 Overview of the NFIP
- 3.1.6.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum Requirements
- 3.1.6.3 Executive Order 11988 and Critical Facilities
- 3.1.6.4 Scope of Model Building Codes and Standards
- 3.2 HOSPITALS EXPOSED TO FLOODING [Go to Page]
- 3.2.1 Identifying Flood Hazards at Existing Hospitals
- 3.2.2 Vulnerability:”‚What Flooding Can Do to Existing Hospitals [Go to Page]
- 3.2.2.1 Site Damage
- 3.2.2.2 Structural Damage
- 3.2.2.3 Nonstructural Damage
- 3.2.2.4 Medical Equipment
- 3.2.2.5 Utility System Damage
- 3.2.2.6 Contents Damage
- 3.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BEST PRACTICES IN Flood HAZARD AREAS [Go to Page]
- 3.3.1 Evaluating Risk and Avoiding Flood Hazards
- 3.3.2 Benefits and Costs:”‚Determining Acceptable Risk
- 3.3.3 Site Modifications
- 3.3.4 Elevation Considerations [Go to Page]
- 3.3.4.1 The Case of Boulder Community Foothills Hospital, Boulder, Colorado
- 3.3.5 Dry Floodproofing Considerations 
- 3.3.6 Flood-Resistant Materials
- 3.3.7 Access Roads
- 3.3.8 Utility Installations
- 3.3.9 Potable Water and Wastewater Systems
- 3.3.10 Storage Tank Installations
- 3.3.11 Accessory Structures
- 3.4 RISK REDUCTION FOR EXISTING HOSPITALS [Go to Page]
- 3.4.1 Introduction
- 3.4.2 Site Modifications
- 3.4.3 Additions
- 3.4.4 Repairs, Renovations, and Upgrades
- 3.4.5 Retrofit Dry Floodproofing [Go to Page]
- 3.4.5.1 The Case of Pungo District Hospital, Belhaven, North Carolina
- 3.4.6 Utility Installations
- 3.4.7 Potable Water and Wastewater Systems
- 3.4.8 Other Damage Reduction Measures
- 3.4.9 Emergency Measures
- 3.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDING VULNERABILITY OF FLOOD-PRONE HOSPITALS
- 3.6 REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
- Chapter 4 [Go to Page]
- 4 MAKING HOSPITALS SAFE FROM HIGH WIND
- 4.1 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS [Go to Page]
- 4.1.1 Nature of High Winds
- 4.1.2 Probability of Occurrence
- 4.1.3 Wind/Building Interactions
- 4.1.4 Building Codes [Go to Page]
- 4.1.4.1 Scope of Building Codes
- 4.1.4.2 Effectiveness and Limitations of Building Codes
- 4.2 HOSPITALS EXPOSED TO HIGH WINDS [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 Vulnerability:”‚What High Winds Can Do To Hospitals [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1.1 Types of Building Damage
- 4.2.1.2 Ramifications of Damage
- 4.2.1.3 The Case of West Florida Hospital, Pensacola, Florida
- 4.2.2 Evaluating Hospitals For Risk From High WInds [Go to Page]
- 4.2.2.1 New Buildings
- 4.2.2.2 Existing Buildings
- 4.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BEST PRACTICES IN HIGH-WIND REGIONS [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 General Hospital Design Considerations [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1.1 Site
- 4.3.1.2 Building Design
- 4.3.1.3 Construction Contract Administration
- 4.3.1.4 Post-Occupancy Inspections, Periodic Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement
- 4.3.1.5 Site and General Design Considerations in Hurricane-Prone Regions
- 4.3.2 Structural Systems [Go to Page]
- 4.3.2.1 Structural Systems in Hurricane-Prone Regions
- 4.3.3 Building Envelope [Go to Page]
- 4.3.3.1 Exterior Doors
- 4.3.3.2 Exterior Doors in Hurricane-Prone Regions
- 4.3.3.3 Windows and Skylights
- 4.3.3.4 Windows and Skylights in Hurricane-Prone Regions
- 4.3.3.5 Non-Load-Bearing Walls, Wall Coverings, and Soffits
- 4.3.3.6 Non-Load-Bearing Walls, Wall Coverings, and Soffits in Hurricane-Prone Regions
- 4.3.3.7 Roof Systems
- 4.3.3.8 Roof Systems in Hurricane-Prone Regions
- 4.3.3.9 The Case of DeSoto Memorial Hospital, Arcadia, Florida
- 4.3.4 Nonstructural Systems and Equipment [Go to Page]
- 4.3.4.1 Exterior-Mounted Mechanical Equipment
- 4.3.4.2 Nonstructural Systems and Mechanical Equipment in Hurricane-Prone Regions
- 4.3.4.3 Exterior-Mounted Electrical and Communications Equipment
- 4.3.4.4 Lightning Protection Systems (LPS) in Hurricane-Prone Regions
- 4.3.4.5 The Case of Martin Memorial Medical Center, Stuart, Florida
- 4.3.5 Municipal Utilities in Hurricane-Prone Regions [Go to Page]
- 4.3.5.1 Electrical Power
- 4.3.5.2 Water Service
- 4.3.5.3 Sewer Service
- 4.3.6 Post-Design Considerations in Hurricane-Prone Regions [Go to Page]
- 4.3.6.1 Construction Contract Administration
- 4.3.6.2 Periodic Inspections, Maintenance, and Repair
- 4.4 REMEDIAL WORK ON EXISTING FACILITIES [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 Structural Systems
- 4.4.2 Building Envelope [Go to Page]
- 4.4.2.1 Sectional and Rolling Doors
- 4.4.2.2 Windows and Skylights
- 4.4.2.3 Roof Coverings
- 4.4.3 Exterior-Mounted Equipment [Go to Page]
- 4.4.3.1 Antenna (Communications Mast)
- 4.4.3.2 Lightning Protection Systems
- 4.4.4 The Case of Baptist Hospital, Pensacola, Florida
- 4.5 BEST PRACTICES IN TORNADO-PRONE REGIONS [Go to Page]
- 4.5.1 The case of Kiowa County Memorial Hospital, Greensburg, Kansas
- 4.5.2 The case of Sumter Regional Hospital, Americus, Georgia
- 4.6 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDING VULNERABILITY OF HOSPITALS EXPOSED TO HIGH WINDS
- 4.7 REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
- APPENDIX A: ACRONYMS
- APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS [Go to Page]