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Groundwater and Soil Remediation, 2001
- Table of Contents
- Chapter 1 The Basis for Remediation Process Design and Cost Estimating [Go to Page]
- 1.1 The Importance of Cost Analysis
- 1.2 Natural Attenuation
- 1.3 Selecting Among Competing Remediation Methods [Go to Page]
- 1.3.1 Listing the process options
- 1.3.2 Comparing process options
- 1.3.3 Defining and evaluating alternative treatment trains
- 1.4 The Approach to Process Design and Cost Estimating
- Chapter 2 Process and Conceptual Design of Remediation Systems [Go to Page]
- 2.1 Basic Principles
- 2.2 Feasibility Studies and Work Plans [Go to Page]
- 2.2.1 Feasibility Study Alternatives
- 2.2.2 Work Plans, Corrective Action Plans, Remedial Action Plans
- 2.2.3 Informal Studies, CERCLA Studies And Records Of Decision, RCRA Studies
- 2.2.4 The Observational Approach
- 2.3 Treatability Studies
- 2.4 Process Flow Diagram [Go to Page]
- 2.4.1 Main Parameters and Mass Balance
- 2.4.2 Energy Balance
- 2.4.3 Sizing and Rating of Equipment
- 2.5 Site Plan and Preliminary Plot Plan
- 2.6 P&ID and Sequence of Operations [Go to Page]
- 2.6.1 P&ID Development
- 2.6.2 Pressure Instrumentation
- 2.6.3 Liquid Level Instrumentation
- 2.6.4 Temperature Instrumentation
- 2.6.5 Flow Instrumentation
- 2.6.6 Analysis Instrumentation
- 2.6.7 Sequence of Operations Development
- 2.7 Logic Diagrams
- 2.8 Computerized Controls and Process Monitoring [Go to Page]
- 2.8.1 Computer Functions
- 2.8.2 Remote Monitoring
- 2.9 Design Basis, Tradeoff Analysis, and Preliminary Specifications [Go to Page]
- 2.9.1 Preliminary Specifications
- 2.9.2 Conceptual Design Report
- Chapter 3 Metals Removal from Groundwater [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Basic Principles [Go to Page]
- 3.1.1 Chemical Precipitation Basics
- 3.1.2 Membrane Separation Basics for Dissolved Ions
- 3.1.3 Ion Exchange Basics
- 3.1.4 Adsorption Basics
- 3.1.5 Evaporation Basics
- 3.2 Chemical Precipitation [Go to Page]
- 3.2.1 Alkaline Precipitation
- 3.2.2 Sulfide Precipitation
- 3.2.3 Precipitation with Iron
- 3.2.4 Precipitation Examples
- 3.2.5 Alternatives to Conventional Clarification
- 3.3 Membrane Separation for Dissolved Ions
- 3.4 Ion Exchange [Go to Page]
- 3.4.1 Ion Exchange for Nitrates And Chromate
- 3.4.2 Ion Exchange for Radionuclides
- 3.5 Adsorption
- 3.6 Forced Evaporation
- 3.7 Main System Design Parameters [Go to Page]
- 3.7.1 Sizing and Rating of Major Equipment
- 3.7.2 Conceptual and Process Design
- 3.7.3 Controls
- 3.7.4 Utilities Requirements
- 3.8 Treatability Studies for Metal Removal [Go to Page]
- 3.8.1 Treatability Studies for Precipitation and Prediction of Treated Effluent Concentrations
- 3.8.2 Treatability Studies for Reverse Osmosis
- 3.8.3 Treatability Studies for Ion Exchange and Adsorbent Systems
- 3.8.4 Treatability Studies for Evaporation
- 3.9 Cost Estimating for Metals Removal
- 3.10 Summary of Important Points for Metals Removal
- Chapter 4 Groundwater Remediation Using Carbon Adsorption [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Basic Principles of Carbon Adsorption
- 4.2 Adsorption Isotherms
- 4.3 Methods of Determining Adsorptive Capacity
- 4.4 Breakthrough Curves
- 4.5 Sizing of Carbon Beds and Duration of Bed Life
- 4.6 Arrangements and Performance of Organic Adsorption Systems [Go to Page]
- 4.6.1 Prestripping
- 4.6.2 Prefiltering and Preventing Overpressure
- 4.6.3 Improving Performance with Three-Stage Adsorption
- 4.6.4 Presoaking and Backwashing
- 4.6.5 Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) monitoring for Breakthrough
- 4.7 Main System Design Parameters [Go to Page]
- 4.7.1 Concept and Process Design
- 4.7.2 Sizing and Rating of Major Equipment
- 4.7.3 Controls
- 4.7.4 Utilities Requirements
- 4.8 Aqueous Phase Adsorption Treatability Studies
- 4.9 Cost Estimating
- 4.10 Summary of Important Points for Carbon Adsorption
- Chapter 5 Stripping of Groundwater [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Basic Principles of Stripping [Go to Page]
- 5.1.1 Use of Polishing Carbon
- 5.1.2 The Design Problem
- 5.2 Packed Strippers [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Packing Depth and A/W (or G/L) Ratio
- 5.2.2 Packed Strippers – Pressure Drop and Cross-Sectional Area
- 5.2.3 Packed Strippers – Computer Applications
- 5.3 Alternatives to Packed Towers [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Tray Designs,
- 5.3.2 Aeration Chambers
- 5.3.3 Cooling Towers Used as Air Strippers
- 5.3.4 In Situ Air Stripping (In-Well Stripping and Air Sparging)
- 5.4 Blower Arrangements and Mist Separation
- 5.5 Turndown and Liquid Distribution
- 5.6 Recycled Strippers
- 5.7 Heated Strippers
- 5.8 Emission Abatement [Go to Page]
- 5.8.1 Carbon Adsorption
- 5.8.2 Regenerating Vapor-Phase Activated Carbon
- 5.8.3 Direct Thermal Oxidizers
- 5.8.4 Catalytic Oxidizers
- 5.8.5 Auxiliary Fuel Consumption and Heat Exchange
- 5.9 Main System Design Parameters [Go to Page]
- 5.9.1 Concept and Process Design
- 5.9.2 Sizing and Rating of Major Equipment
- 5.9.3 Controls
- 5.9.4 Utilities Requirements
- 5.10 Treatability Studies for Groundwater Stripping
- 5.11 Cost Estimating for Groundwater Stripping [Go to Page]
- 5.11.1 Equipment Costs
- 5.11.2 Operating Costs and Total Costs
- 5.11.3 Emission Abatement Costs
- 5.11.4 Software for Stripping Process Design and Cost Estimating
- 5.12 Summary of Important Points for Groundwater Stripping
- Chapter 6 Aqueous Chemical Oxidation [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Basic Principles [Go to Page]
- 6.1.1 Ranking of Oxidants and UV Oxidation Power Consumption
- 6.1.2 Ultraviolet Light
- 6.1.3 Emerging Technology Using Electrochemical Oxidation
- 6.2 Wet Air and Supercritical Water Oxidation
- 6.3 Fenton's Reagent
- 6.4 UV Light with Oxidants
- 6.5 Main System Design Parameters
- 6.6 Treatability Studies for Aqueous Oxidation
- 6.7 Costs for Aqueous Oxidation
- 6.8 Summary of Important Points for Aqueous Chemical Oxidation
- Chapter 7 Bioremediation Systems [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Basic Principles [Go to Page]
- 7.1.1 Microbial Metabolism
- 7.1.2 System Environmental Requirements
- 7.1.3 In Situ Versus Ex Situ Treatment
- 7.1.4 Bioaugmentation Versus Bioacclimation
- 7.2 Aqueous Phase Treatment [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 Ex Situ Treatment
- 7.2.2 In Situ Treatment
- 7.3 Solid Phase Biological Treatment [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 Ex Situ Treatment
- 7.3.2 In Situ Treatment
- 7.4 Treatability Studies for Bioremediation Systems [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 Treatability Studies Applicable to Aqueous Phase Treatment
- 7.4.2 Treatability Studies Applicable to Solid Phase Systems
- 7.5 Cost-Estimating for Bioremediation Systems [Go to Page]
- 7.5.1 Costs for Aqueous Phase Treatment
- 7.5.2 Costs for Solid Phase Treatment
- 7.6 Summary of Important Points for Bioremediation
- Chapter 8 Soil Venting [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Basic Principles of Soil Venting
- 8.2 Inducing Vacuum [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 Vacuum Blowers
- 8.2.2 Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs)
- 8.2.3 Passive Soil Venting
- 8.3 Vapor Treatment and Discharge [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 Adsorption
- 8.3.2 Oxidizers
- 8.4 Main System Design Parameters [Go to Page]
- 8.4.1 Pneumatic testing
- 8.4.2 Radius of Influence of Extraction Wells and Soil Air Permeability
- 8.4.3 Volumetric Air Flow and Contaminant Mass Removal Rate
- 8.4.4 Ventilation wells
- 8.5 Treatability Studies for Soil Venting
- 8.6 Cost Estimating for Soil Venting [Go to Page]
- 8.6.1 Utilities Costs
- 8.6.2 Carbon Adsorption Costs
- 8.6.3 Software for Soil Venting Process Design and Cost Estimating
- 8.7 Summary of Important Points for Soil Venting
- Chapter 9 Thermal Treatment for Soils and Sludges [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Basic Principles [Go to Page]
- 9.1.1 Incineration Basics
- 9.1.2 Low-Temperature Thermal Desorption Basics
- 9.1.3 Heat Recovery
- 9.2 Incinerators [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 Rotary kilns
- 9.2.2 Fluidized CBCs
- 9.2.3 Infrared Furnace Systems
- 9.3 Thermal Desorbers
- 9.4 Handling of Feed and of Treated Soils
- 9.5 Air Pollution Control [Go to Page]
- 9.5.1 Use of Afterburners (Thermal Oxidizers)
- 9.5.2 Recovery of Organic Fluids from Indirect-Fired Desorbers
- 9.5.3 Abatement of Particulate Emissions and Acid Gases
- 9.5.4 Emissions of NOx
- 9.5.5 CO Emissions
- 9.6 Main System Design Parameters for Thermal Treatment [Go to Page]
- 9.6.1 Characterization of the "Waste" for Thermal Treatment
- 9.6.2 Vapor Pressure Considerations for Thermal Desorbers
- 9.6.3 Examples of Design Calculations
- 9.6.4 Contaminant Destruction Efficiency and Emission Limitations
- 9.6.5 Limitations on Particulate Emissions and Plume Opacity Correlations
- 9.6.6 Baghouse Design Parameters
- 9.6.7 Wet Scrubber Power Requirements
- 9.6.8 Design of Vertical Packed Acid Gas Scrubbers
- 9.6.9 Venturi Scrubber Design Parameters
- 9.7 Treatability Studies and Trial Burns [Go to Page]
- 9.7.1 Testing Thermal Desorption from Soils
- 9.7.2 Trial Burns
- 9.8 Cost Estimating for Thermal Soil Treatment [Go to Page]
- 9.8.1 Incineration Costs
- 9.8.2 Desorption Costs
- 9.8.3 Total Project Costs for Ex Situ Soil Remediation
- 9.9 Summary of Important Points for Thermal Desorption
- Chapter 10 Soil Washing [Go to Page]
- 10.1 Basic Principles of Soil Washing
- 10.2 In Situ Soil Flushing
- 10.3 Soil Washing and Solvent Extraction [Go to Page]
- 10.3.1 Aqueous Soil Washing for Particle Size Separation
- 10.3.2 Solvent Extraction for Removing Organic Contaminants
- 10.4 Main System Design Parameters for Soil Washing [Go to Page]
- 10.4.1 Conceptual Designs
- 10.4.2 Mass Balances
- 10.4.3 Treatment of Wash Water
- 10.5 Treatability Studies for Soil Washing
- 10.6 Cost Estimating for Soil Washing
- 10.7 Summary of Important Points for Soil Washing
- Chapter 11 Stabilization and Solidification [Go to Page]
- 11.1 Basic Principles for Stabilization and Solidification
- 11.2 In Situ Applications and Area Mixing
- 11.3 Microencapsulation [Go to Page]
- 11.3.1 Cement/Pozzolanic (Silicaceous) Solidifiers
- 11.3.2 Thermoplastic Agents
- 11.4 Silicate Sorbents
- 11.5 Main System Design Parameters
- 11.6 Treatability Studies for Stabilization and Solidification
- 11.7 Cost Estimating for Stabilization and Solidification
- 11.8 Summary of Important Points for Stabilization and Solidification
- Chapter 12 Cost Estimating and Life Cycle Analysis [Go to Page]
- 12.1 Basic Principles
- 12.2 Investment Costs [Go to Page]
- 12.2.1 Preliminary Estimates for Investment Cost
- 12.2.2 Definitive Estimating of Investment Cost
- 12.3 Estimating Annual Expenses [Go to Page]
- 12.3.1 Utilities Consumption
- 12.3.2 Operating Labor and Overhead
- 12.3.3 Maintenance Expense
- 12.3.4 Chemicals, Adsorbents, and Supplies
- 12.3.5 Property Taxes and Insurance
- 12.3.6 Monitoring and Reporting
- 12.3.7 Other Direct Costs
- 12.4 Computer Applications to Cost Estimating
- 12.5 Life Cycle Analysis [Go to Page]
- 12.5.1 Investment, Expense, Closure and Post-Closure Costs
- 12.5.2 Present value Factors
- 12.6 Summary of Important Points for Cost Estimating
- Appendix 12-A Investment Costs and Yearly Expense Example
- References
- Index [Go to Page]
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- Z [Go to Page]