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Manual of Practice No. 96: Guide to Improved Earthquake Performance of Electric Power Systems, 1999
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- PREFACE
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- 1 INTRODUCTION [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Background
- 1.2 Purpose
- 1.3 Basis for Recommendations
- 1.4 Scope
- 1.5 Organization of the Manual
- 2 EARTHQUAKES: SOURCES AND EFFECTS [Go to Page]
- 2.1 Sources of Earthquakes
- 2.2 Quantifying the Size and Intensity of Earthquakes [Go to Page]
- 2.2.1 Earthquake Size
- 2.2.2 Earthquake Intensity
- 2.3 Effects of Earthquakes [Go to Page]
- 2.3.1 Ground Vibration
- 2.3.2 Soil Liquefaction
- 2.3.3 Soil-Structure Interaction
- 2.3.4 Earthquake-Induced Landslides
- 2.3.5 Subsidence
- 2.3.6 Ground Faulting
- 2.3.7 Earthquake-Induced Water Waves
- 2.4 Regional Differences in Earthquakes and Associated Hazards
- 2.5 Regional Seismicity of the United States [Go to Page]
- 2.5.1 Western Region
- 2.5.2 Central Region
- 2.5.3 Eastern Region
- 2.6 Summary of Differences between Earthquakes in California and Other Regions
- 2.7 Commonly Used Terms [Go to Page]
- 2.7.1 Fault and Fault Trace
- 2.7.2 Hypocenter and Epicenter
- 2.7.3 Earthquake Magnitudes
- 2.7.4 Intensity Scales
- 2.7.5 Tsunamis
- Endnotes
- 3 OVERVIEW OF EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMS AND FACILITIES [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Overall Power System Seismic Performance
- 3.2 Power Transmission and Distribution Systems [Go to Page]
- 3.2.1 Transmission Lines
- 3.2.2 Distribution Lines
- 3.2.3 Substations
- 3.3 Power Generation Facilities
- 3.4 Control, Protection, and Communications Facilities
- 4 APPROACH TO IMPROVED EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Overview of Improved Earthquake Performance
- 4.2 Earthquake Hazard and System Vulnerability Evaluation [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 Initial Earthquake Hazard and System Vulnerability Evaluatio
- 4.2.2 Detailed Earthquake Hazard and System Vulnerability Evaluation
- 4.3 Earthquake Planning [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 Disaster Response Plans
- 4.3.2 Corporate Recovery Plans
- 4.3.3 Evaluation of System Vulnerabilities
- 4.3.4 Emergency Operations Center
- 4.3.5 Alternate Energy Control Center
- 4.4 Earthquake Mitigation [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 Implementing Tasks with a High Benefit-Cost Ratio
- 4.4.2 Seismically Upgrading Manuals of Practice
- 4.4.3 Detailed Vulnerability Assessment of System Facilities
- 4.4.4 Implementation of Mitigation Plan
- 4.4.5 Periodic Review and Revision of Mitigation Program
- 4.5 Comments on Implementing an Earthquake Damage Mitigation Program [Go to Page]
- 4.5.1 Initiating an Earthquake Mitigation Program
- 4.5.2 Commitment of Top Management Is Needed
- 4.5.3 Cost-Effectiveness
- 4.5.4 Maintaining Mitigation Program
- 4.5.5 Seismic Design Engineering
- Endnotes
- 5 SUBSTATIONS [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Overview of Substations
- 5.2 Substation Configuration and Components
- 5.3 Earthquake Effects on Substations [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Earthquake-Induced Vibration
- 5.3.2 Soil Deformation and Ground Faulting
- 5.3.3 Soil-Structure Interaction
- 5.4 Recommended Design Criteria for Substations
- 5.5 Common Failures [Go to Page]
- 5.5.1 Failures of Porcelain Members
- 5.5.2 Failures of Equipment Anchorage
- 5.5.3 Failure of Cast-Aluminum Hardware
- 5.6 Substation Busses, Conductors, and Their Supports [Go to Page]
- 5.6.1 Dead-End Transmission Towers
- 5.6.2 Busses, Conductors, and Their Supports
- 5.6.3 Bus and Conductor Support Structures
- 5.6.4 Mitigation and Retrofit of Substation Busses, Conductors, and Their Supports
- 5.6.5 Emergency Response Procedures for Substation Busses, Conductors, and Their Supports
- 5.6.6 Recommended Installation Practices for Substation Busses, Conductors, and Their Supports
- 5.7 Power Transformers [Go to Page]
- 5.7.1 Sudden Pressure, Bucholtz and Protective Relays
- 5.7.2 Anchorage
- 5.7.3 Bushings
- 5.7.4 Radiators
- 5.7.5 Conservators
- 5.7.6 Tertiary Bushings and Lightning Arresters
- 5.7.7 Transfer Busses
- 5.7.8 Emergency Response Procedures for Transformers
- 5.7.9 Summary of Earthquake Issues Related to Transformers
- 5.8 Distribution Transformers [Go to Page]
- 5.8.1 Earthquake Performance of Distribution Transformers
- 5.8.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Distribution Transformers
- 5.8.3 Recommended Practice for Distribution Transformers
- 5.9 Lightning (Surge) Arresters [Go to Page]
- 5.9.1 Earthquake Performance of Lightning Arresters
- 5.9.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Lightning Arresters
- 5.9.3 Emergency Response Procedures for Lightning Arresters
- 5.9.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Lightning Arresters
- 5.10 Current Transformers [Go to Page]
- 5.10.1 Earthquake Performance of Current Transformers
- 5.10.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Current Transformers
- 5.10.3 Emergency Response Procedures for Current Transformers
- 5.10.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Current Transformers
- 5.11 Instrumentation Transformers [Go to Page]
- 5.11.1 Earthquake Performance of Instrumentation Transformers
- 5.11.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Instrumentation Transformers
- 5.11.3 Emergency Response Procedures for Instrumentation Transformers
- 5.11.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Instrumentation Transformers
- 5.12 Circuit Breakers [Go to Page]
- 5.12.1 Earthquake Performance, Mitigation, and Retrofit of Circuit Breakers
- 5.12.2 Emergency Response Procedures for Circuit Breakers
- 5.12.3 Recommended Installation Practices for Circuit Breakers
- 5.13 Disconnect Switches [Go to Page]
- 5.13.1 Earthquake Performance of Disconnect Switches
- 5.13.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Disconnect Switches
- 5.13.3 Emergency Response Procedures for Disconnect Switches
- 5.13.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Disconnect Switches
- 5.14 Circuit Switchers [Go to Page]
- 5.14.1 Earthquake Performance of Circuit Switchers
- 5.14.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Circuit Switchers
- 5.14.3 Emergency Response Procedure for Circuit Switchers
- 5.14.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Circuit Switchers
- 5.15 Wave Traps [Go to Page]
- 5.15.1 Earthquake Performance of Wave Traps
- 5.15.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Wave Traps
- 5.15.3 Emergency Response Procedures for Wave Traps
- 5.15.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Wave Traps
- 5.16 Current-Limiting Reactors, Filters, Shunt Reactors, Voltage Support, and Power Factor Correction Devices [Go to Page]
- 5.16.1 Mitigation and Retrofit of Voltage Support Devices
- 5.16.2 Emergency Response Procedure for Voltage Support Devices
- 5.16.3 Recommended Installation Practices for Voltage Support Devices
- 5.17 StationPower [Go to Page]
- 5.17.1 Earthquake Performance of Station Power
- 5.17.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Station Power
- 5.17.3 Emergency Response Procedure for Station Power
- 5.17.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Station Power
- 5.18 Substation Control Structures and Their Contents [Go to Page]
- 5.18.1 Control House Structures
- 5.18.2 Equipment
- 5.18.3 Other Substation Equipment
- 5.18.4 Recommended Practices for Substation Control Structures and Their Contents
- 5.19 Miscellaneous Facilities: Oil Storage Tanks [Go to Page]
- 5.19.1 Earthquake Performance of Oil Storage Tanks
- 5.19.2 Recommended Practices for Oil Storage Tanks
- Endnotes
- 6 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LINES AND SUPPORT STRUCTURES [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Transmission Systems and Their Support Structures [Go to Page]
- 6.1.1 Earthquake Performance of Transmission Systems and Support Structures
- 6.1.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Transmission Systems and Support Structures
- 6.1.3 Emergency Response Procedure for Transmission Systems and Support Structures
- 6.1.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Transmission Systems and Support Structures
- 6.2 Distribution Systems and Support Structures [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 Earthquake Performance of Distribution Systems and Support Structures
- 6.2.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Distribution Systems and Support Structures
- 6.2.3 Emergency Response Procedure for Distribution Systems and Support Structures
- 6.2.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Distribution Systems and Support Structures
- 7 POWER-GENERATING FACILITIES [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Combustion-Turbine Generating Units
- 7.2 Steam-Turbine Generating Units [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 Turbines
- 7.2.2 Steam Generators and Support Systems
- 7.2.3 Commercially Produced Equipment
- 7.2.4 Engineered Equipment
- 7.2.5 Structural Damage
- 8 SYSTEM CONTROL [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Control Center Structure [Go to Page]
- 8.1.1 Structural Systems
- 8.1.2 Nonstructural Systems
- 8.2 Building Service Systems [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 HVAC Systems
- 8.2.2 Emergency Power Systems
- 8.3 Engine-Generator Systems [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 Engine-Generator
- 8.3.2 Control Console
- 8.3.3 Starting Systems
- 8.3.4 Day Tank
- 8.3.5 Main Fuel Tank
- 8.3.6 Piping Systems
- 8.3.7 Oil Cooler
- 8.3.8 Cooling System
- 8.3.9 Exhaust System
- 8.3.10 Transfer Switch
- 8.3.11 Testing
- 8.3.12 Operating Procedures and Their Documentation
- 8.3.13 Emergency Power Survey
- 8.3.14 External Power Hookup
- 8.3.15 Summary of Critical Issues for Emergency Power Systems
- 8.4 Network Management [Go to Page]
- 8.4.1 Energy Management
- 8.4.2 Power Dispatch
- 8.4.3 Network Configuration
- 8.5 System Control [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1 Control Console and Status Board
- 8.5.2 SCADA System
- 8.5.3 Computer Systems
- 8.5.4 Damage Restoration
- Endnotes
- 9 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Communication Links
- 9.2 Communication Equipment Located at Facilities [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 Telephone Equipment
- 9.2.2 Cable Trays
- 9.2.3 Private Branch Exchange (PBX)
- 9.2.4 Modems
- 9.2.5 Microwave Transmission Equipment
- 9.3 Radio-Based Maintenance Dispatch
- 9.4 Emergency Power
- 9.5 HVAC Systems
- 10 ANCILLARY FACILITIES AND FUNCTIONS [Go to Page]
- 10.1 Maintenance or Service Centers
- 10.2 Inventory Control Systems
- 10.3 Spare Parts Storage
- 10.4 Emergency Operations Centers [Go to Page]
- 10.4.1 Organization of an EOC
- 10.4.2 Past Earthquake Performance of EOCs and Similar Facilities
- 10.4.3 Interaction of the Utility EOC and Government EOCs
- 10.4.4 Recommendations
- 10.5 Engineering Offices
- 10.6 Specialized Equipment
- Endnotes
- APPENDIX A: MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE [Go to Page]
- Quality of Masonry
- APPENDIX B: INVESTIGATION OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT [Go to Page]
- Endnote
- APPENDIX C: SUBSTATION BUS CONFIGURATIONS
- APPENDIX D: FURTHER RESOURCES
- APPENDIX E: TECHNICAL COUNCIL ON LIFELINE EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING PUBLICATIONS AND MONOGRAPHS [Go to Page]
- Publications
- Monographs
- INDEX [Go to Page]
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W [Go to Page]