Already a subscriber?
MADCAD.com Free Trial
Sign up for a 3 day free trial to explore the MADCAD.com interface, PLUS access the
2009 International Building Code to see how it all works.
If you like to setup a quick demo, let us know at support@madcad.com
or +1 800.798.9296 and we will be happy to schedule a webinar for you.
Security check
Please login to your personal account to use this feature.
Please login to your authorized staff account to use this feature.
Are you sure you want to empty the cart?
Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings Technical Resources, 1998
- Preface
- Table of Contents
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- Prologue [Go to Page]
- What have we learned?
- What does it mean?
- 1. Introduction [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Purpose And Scope
- 1.2 Materials Working Group [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 1 Component Force-Deformation Relationships
- Figure 1 2 Generalized Undamaged and Damaged Component Curves
- 1.2.1 Tests and Investigations
- 1.2.2 Component Behavior and Modeling
- 1.2.3 Repair Techniques
- 1.3 Analysis Working Group [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 3 Effect of Damage on Building Response
- Figure 1 4 Global Load-Displacement Relationships
- 1.4 References
- 2. Reinforced Concrete Components [Go to Page]
- 2.1 Commentary and Discussion [Go to Page]
- 2.1.1 Development of Component Guides and l Factors [Go to Page]
- Figure 2 1 Diagram of process used to develop component guides and component modification factors.
- Table 2 1 Ranges of reinforced concrete component displacement ductility, mD, associated with dam...
- 2.2 Typical Force-Displacement Hysteretic Behavior
- 2.3 Tabular Bibliography [Go to Page]
- Table 2 2 Key References on Reinforced Concrete Wall Behavior.
- 2.4 Symbols for Reinforced Concrete
- 2.5 References for Reinforced Concrete
- 3. Reinforced Masonry [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Commentary and Discussion [Go to Page]
- 3.1.1 Typical Hysteretic Behavior [Go to Page]
- Table 3 1 Damage Patterns and Hysteretic Response for Reinforced Masonry Components
- 3.1.2 Cracking and Damage Severity
- 3.1.3 Interpretation of Tests
- 3.2 Tabular Bibliography for Reinforced Masonry [Go to Page]
- Table 3 2 Ranges of reinforced masonry component displacement ductility, mD, associated with dama...
- Table 3 3 Annotated Bibliography for Reinforced Masonry
- 3.3 Symbols for Reinforced Masonry
- 3.4 References for Reinforced Masonry
- 4. Unreinforced Masonry [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Commentary and Discussion [Go to Page]
- 4.1.1 Hysteretic Behavior of URM Walls Subjected to In-Plane Demands
- 4.1.2 Comments on FEMA 273 Component Force/Displacement Relationships [Go to Page]
- Figure 4 1 Bed-joint sliding force/displacement relationship
- Figure 4 2 Relationship Between Toe Crushing and Bed-Joint Sliding
- 4.1.3 Development of l-factors [Go to Page]
- Figure 4 3 Developing the initial portion of the damaged force/displacement relationship
- 4.2 Tabular Bibliography for Unreinforced Masonry
- 4.3 Symbols for Unreinforced Masonry
- 4.4 References for Unreinforced Masonry
- 5. Infilled Frames [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Commentary And Discussion [Go to Page]
- 5.1.1 Development of l-Factors for Component Guides
- 5.1.2 Development of Stiffness Deterioration—lK
- 5.1.3 The Determination of lQ for Strength Deterioration [Go to Page]
- Figure 5 1 Energy-based damage analysis of strength reduction to define lQ
- 5.1.4 Development of lD—Reduction in Displacement Capability
- 5.2 Tabular Bibliography for Infilled Frames [Go to Page]
- Table 5 1 Tabular Bibliography for Infilled Frames
- 5.3 References for Infilled Frames
- 6. Analytical Studies [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Overview
- 6.2 Summary of Previous Findings [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 Hysteresis Models [Go to Page]
- Figure 6 1 Effect of Hysteretic Properties on Response to 1940 NS El Centro Record (from Nakamura...
- 6.2.2 Effect of Ground Motion Duration
- 6.2.3 Residual Displacement
- 6.2.4 Repeated Loading
- 6.3 Dynamic Analysis Framework [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Overview
- 6.3.2 Dynamic Analysis Approach
- 6.3.3 Ground Motions [Go to Page]
- Table 6 1 Recorded Ground Motions Used in the Analyses
- Figure 6 2 Characteristics of the WN87MWLN.090 (Mount Wilson) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 3 Characteristics of the BB92CIVC.360 (Big Bear) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 4 Characteristics of the SP88GUKA.360 (Spitak) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 5 Characteristics of the LP89CORR.090 (Corralitos) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 6 Characteristics of the NR94CENT.360 (Century City) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 7 Characteristics of the IV79ARY7.140 (Imperial Valley Array) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 8 Characteristics of the CH85LLEO.010 (Llolleo) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 9 Characteristics of the CH85VALP.070 (Valparaiso University) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 10 Characteristics of the IV40ELCN.180 (El Centro) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 11 Characteristics of the TB78TABS.344 (Tabas) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 12 Characteristics of the LN92JOSH.360 (Joshua Tree) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 13 Characteristics of the MX85SCT1.270 (Mexico City) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 14 Characteristics of the LN92LUCN.250 (Lucerne) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 15 Characteristics of the IV79BRWY.315 (Brawley Airport) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 16 Characteristics of the LP89SARA.360 (Saratoga) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 17 Characteristics of the NR94NWHL.360 (Newhall) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 18 Characteristics of the NR94SYLH.090 (Sylmar Hospital) Ground Motion
- Figure 6 19 Characteristics of the KO95TTRI.360 (Takatori) Ground Motion
- 6.3.4 Force/Displacement Models [Go to Page]
- Figure 6 20 Force-Displacement Hysteretic Models
- Figure 6 21 Degrading Models Used in the Analyses
- Figure 6 22 Bilinear Model Used to Determine Strengths of Degrading Models
- Figure 6 23 Specification of the Pinching Point for the Takeda Pinching Model
- 6.3.5 Undamaged Oscillator Parameters [Go to Page]
- Figure 6 24 Specification of the Uncracked Stiffness, Cracking Strength, and Unloading Stiffness ...
- 6.3.6 Damaged Oscillator Parameters [Go to Page]
- Figure 6 25 Construction of Initial Force-Displacement Response for Prior Ductility Demand > 0 an...
- Figure 6 26 Construction of Initial Force-Displacement Response for PDD> 0 and RSR< 1 for Takeda5...
- Figure 6 27 Strength Degradation for Takeda Pinching Model
- 6.3.7 Summary of Dynamic Analysis Parameters [Go to Page]
- Figure 6 28 Construction of Initial Force-Displacement Response for PDD> 0 and RSR< 1 for Takeda ...
- 6.3.8 Implementation of Analyses
- 6.4 Results Of Dynamic Analyses [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1 Overview and Nomenclature
- 6.4.2 Response of Bilinear Models [Go to Page]
- Figure 6 29 Response of Bilinear Oscillators to Short Duration Records (DDD= 8)
- Figure 6 30 Response of Bilinear Oscillators to Long Duration Records (DDD= 8)
- Figure 6 31 Response of Bilinear Oscillators to Forward Directive Records (DDD= 8)
- 6.4.3 Response of Takeda Models [Go to Page]
- Figure 6 32 Displacement Response of Takeda Models Compared with Elastic Response and Bilinear Re...
- Figure 6 33 Displacement Response of Takeda Models Compared with Elastic Response and Bilinear Re...
- Figure 6 34 Displacement Response of Takeda Models Compared with Elastic Response and Bilinear Re...
- Figure 6 35 Effect of Cracking Without and With Strength Reduction on Displacement Response of Ta...
- Figure 6 36 Effect of Cracking Without and With Strength Reduction on Displacement Response of Ta...
- Figure 6 37 Effect of Cracking Without and With Strength Reduction on Displacement Response of Ta...
- Figure 6 38 Effect of Large Prior Ductility Demand Without and With Strength Reduction on Displac...
- Figure 6 39 Effect of Large Prior Ductility Demand Without and With Strength Reduction on Displac...
- Figure 6 40 Effect of Large Prior Ductility Demand Without and With Strength Reduction on Displac...
- Figure 6 41 Effect of Damage on Response to El Centro (IV40ELCN.180) for Takeda5, T=0.2 sec (DDD= 8)
- Figure 6 42 Effect of Damage on Response to El Centro (IV40ELCN.180) for Takeda5, T=0.5 sec (DDD= 8)
- Figure 6 43 Effect of Damage on Response to El Centro (IV40ELCN.180) for Takeda5, T=1.0 sec (DDD= 8)
- Figure 6 44 Effect of Damage on Response to El Centro (IV40ELCN.180) for Takeda5, T=1.5 sec (DDD= 8)
- Figure 6 45 Effect of Damage on Response to El Centro (IV40ELCN.180) for Takeda5, T=2.0 sec (DDD= 8)
- Figure 6 46 Effect of Large Prior Ductility Demand Without and With Strength Reduction on Displac...
- Figure 6 47 Effect of Large Prior Ductility Demand Without and With Strength Reduction on Displac...
- Figure 6 48 Effect of Large Prior Ductility Demand Without and With Strength Reduction on Displac...
- Figure 6 49 Effect of Damage on Response of TakPinch Model to El Centro (IV40ELCN.180) for T=1.0 ...
- Figure 6 50 Effect of Damage on Response of TakPinch Model to El Centro (IV40ELCN.180) for T=1.0 ...
- 6.4.4 Response Statistics [Go to Page]
- Figure 6 51 Effect of Cracking on Displacement Response of Takeda10 Model for Short Duration Reco...
- Figure 6 52 Effect of Cracking on Displacement Response of Takeda10 Model for Long-Duration Recor...
- Figure 6 53 Effect of Cracking on Displacement Response of Takeda10 Model for Forward Directive R...
- Figure 6 54 Effect of Damage on Response of Takeda10 Model to El Centro (IV40ELCN.180) for T=1.0 ...
- 6.5 Nonlinear Static Procedures [Go to Page]
- 6.5.1 Introduction
- 6.5.2 Description of Nonlinear Static Procedures [Go to Page]
- Figure 6 58 Construction of Effective Stiffness for use with the Displacement Coefficient Method
- Figure 6 59 Initial Effective Stiffness and Capacity Curves Used in the Secant and Capacity Spect...
- Figure 6 60 Schematic Depiction of Secant Method Displacement Estimation
- Figure 6 61 Schematic Depiction of Successive Iterations to Estimate Displacement Response Using ...
- 6.5.3 Comments on Procedures [Go to Page]
- Figure 6 62 Schematic Depiction of Successive Iterations to Estimate Displacement Response Using ...
- 6.5.4 Application of Procedures to Undamaged and Damaged Oscillators
- 6.6 Comparison of NSP and Dynamic Analysis Results [Go to Page]
- 6.6.1 Introduction
- 6.6.2 Displacement Estimation [Go to Page]
- Figure 6 63 Values of dd,NSP/dd for the Takeda5 Model
- Figure 6 64 Mean values of dd,NSP /dd for all ground motions for each NSP method, for short and l...
- 6.6.3 Displacement Ratio Estimation [Go to Page]
- Figure 6 65 Coefficient Method Estimates of Ratio of Damaged and Undamaged Oscillator Displacemen...
- Figure 6 66 Coefficient Method Estimates of Ratio of Damaged and Undamaged Oscillator Displacemen...
- Figure 6 67 Coefficient Method Estimates of Ratio of Damaged and Undamaged Oscillator Displacemen...
- Figure 6 68 Secant Method Estimates of Ratio of Damaged and Undamaged Oscillator Displacement Nor...
- Figure 6 69 Secant Method Estimates of Ratio of Damaged and Undamaged Oscillator Displacement Nor...
- Figure 6 70 Secant Method Estimates of Ratio of Damaged and Undamaged Oscillator Displacement Nor...
- Figure 6 71 Capacity Spectrum Method Estimates of Ratio of Damaged and Undamaged Oscillator Displ...
- Figure 6 72 Capacity Spectrum Method Estimates of Ratio of Damaged and Undamaged Oscillator Displ...
- Figure 6 73 Capacity Spectrum Method Estimates of Ratio of Damaged and Undamaged Oscillator Displ...
- Figure 6 74 Coefficient Method Estimates of Displacement Ratio of RSR=0.6 and RSR=1.0 Takeda5 Osc...
- Figure 6 75 Coefficient Method Estimates of Displacement Ratio of RSR=0.6 and RSR=1.0 Takeda5 Osc...
- Figure 6 76 Coefficient Method Estimates of Displacement Ratio of RSR=0.6 and RSR=1.0 Takeda5 Osc...
- Figure 6 77 Secant Method Estimates of Displacement Ratio of RSR=0.6 and RSR=1.0 Takeda5 Oscillat...
- Figure 6 78 Secant Method Estimates of Displacement Ratio of RSR=0.6 and RSR=1.0 Takeda5 Oscillat...
- Figure 6 79 Secant Method Estimates of Displacement Ratio of RSR=0.6 and RSR=1.0 Takeda5 Oscillat...
- Figure 6 80 Capacity Spectrum Method Estimates of Displacement Ratio of RSR=0.6 and RSR=1.0 Taked...
- Figure 6 81 Capacity Spectrum Method Estimates of Displacement Ratio of RSR=0.6 and RSR=1.0 Taked...
- Figure 6 82 Capacity Spectrum Method Estimates of Displacement Ratio of RSR=0.6 and RSR=1.0 Taked...
- 6.7 Conclusions and Implications
- 6.8 References
- 7. Example Application [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Introduction [Go to Page]
- 7.1.1 Objectives
- 7.1.2 Organization [Go to Page]
- Figure 7 1 Flowchart for example
- 7.2 Investigation [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 Building Description [Go to Page]
- Figure 7 2 Floor Plans
- Figure 7 3 Building Cross-section
- Figure 7 4 Example Solid Wall Detail (Condition at Line 7)
- Figure 7 5 Example Coupled Wall Detail (Condition at line B)
- 7.2.2 Post-earthquake Damage Observations [Go to Page]
- Figure 7 6 Solid Wall Example
- Figure 7 7 Coupled Wall Example
- 7.2.3 Preliminary Classification (by Observation) of Component Types, Behavior Modes, and Damage ...
- 7.2.4 Final Classification (by Analysis) of Component Type, Behavior Mode and Damage Severity
- 7.2.6 Summary of Component Classifications
- 7.3 Evaluation by the Direct Method [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 Structural Restoration Measures [Go to Page]
- Table 7 4 Summary of Component Type, Behavior Mode, and Damage Severity for Wall Components (Nort...
- Table 7 5 Summary of Component Type, Behavior Mode, and Damage Severity for Wall Components (East...
- Figure 7 8 Detail of Coupling Beam Replacement
- 7.3.2 Nonstructural Restoration Measures
- 7.3.3 Restoration Summary and Cost
- 7.4 Evaluation by Performance Analysis [Go to Page]
- Table 7 6 Restoration Cost Estimate by the Direct Method
- 7.4.1 Performance Objectives [Go to Page]
- Figure 7 9 Response Spectra for Selected Performance Levels
- 7.4.2 Nonlinear Static Analysis [Go to Page]
- Figure 7 10 Mathematical Model of Coupled Shear Wall
- Figure 7 11 Mathematical Model of Full Building
- Figure 7 12 Component Force-Displacement Curves for Coupling Beams
- 7.4.3 Force-Displacement Capacity (Pushover Analysis) Results [Go to Page]
- Figure 7 13 Comparison of Pre-event and Post-event Pushover Curves
- 7.4.4 Estimation of Displacement, de, Caused by Damaging Earthquake [Go to Page]
- Figure 7 14 Response Spectra from Damaging Earthquake
- 7.4.5 Displacement Demand
- 7.4.6 Analysis of Restored Structure [Go to Page]
- Table 7 7 Performance Indices for Pre-event and Post-event Structures
- Figure 7 15 Comparison of Pre-event and Repaired Pushover Curves
- 7.4.7 Performance Restoration Measures
- 7.5 Discussion of Results [Go to Page]
- 7.5.1 Discussion of Building Performance [Go to Page]
- Table 7 8 Restoration Cost Estimate by the Relative Performance Method
- 7.5.2 Discussion of Methodology and Repair Costs
- 7.6 References
- Appendix A. Component Damage Records for Building Evaluated in Example Application
- ATC-43 Project Participants
- Applied Technology Council Projects And Report Information [Go to Page]