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555R-01: Removal and Reuse of Hardened Concrete, 2001
- MAIN MENU
- MAIN MENU
- CONTENTS
- CONTENTS
- CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION
- CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION [Go to Page]
- 1.1— Scope
- 1.1— Scope
- 1.2—Objective
- 1.2—Objective
- CHAPTER 2— KINDS OF CONCRETE AND DEGREE OF REMOVAL
- CHAPTER 2— KINDS OF CONCRETE AND DEGREE OF REMOVAL [Go to Page]
- 2.1— Introduction
- 2.1— Introduction
- 2.2—Assessment of concrete structures for complete or partial demolition
- 2.2—Assessment of concrete structures for complete or partial demolition [Go to Page]
- 2.2.1 General considerations
- 2.2.1 General considerations [Go to Page]
- 2.2.1.1 Safety
- 2.2.1.1 Safety
- 2.2.1.2 Environmental impact
- 2.2.1.2 Environmental impact
- 2.2.1.3 Plans provided or drawn for assessment documentation
- 2.2.1.3 Plans provided or drawn for assessment documentation
- 2.2.1.4 Complete set of structural and architectural
drawings
- 2.2.1.4 Complete set of structural and architectural
drawings
- 2.2.1.5 Budgetary and logistic constraints
- 2.2.1.5 Budgetary and logistic constraints
- 2.2.2 Evaluation of concrete
- 2.2.2 Evaluation of concrete [Go to Page]
- 2.2.2.1 Field documentation (visual examination)
- 2.2.2.1 Field documentation (visual examination)
- 2.2.2.2 Detailed examination
- 2.2.2.2 Detailed examination
- 2.2.2.3 Cause of distress
- 2.2.2.3 Cause of distress
- 2.2.2.4 Reuse of concrete rubble
- 2.2.2.4 Reuse of concrete rubble
- 2.2.2.5 Transport and deposit of waste material
- 2.2.2.5 Transport and deposit of waste material
- 2.2.3 Report
- 2.2.3 Report [Go to Page]
- 2.2.3.1 Summary of scope of work
- 2.2.3.1 Summary of scope of work
- 2.2.3.2 Findings
- 2.2.3.2 Findings
- 2.2.3.3 Recommendations
- 2.2.3.3 Recommendations
- 2.2.3.4 Total estimated cost
- 2.2.3.4 Total estimated cost
- 2.2.3.5 Photos and drawings
- 2.2.3.5 Photos and drawings
- 2.2.3.6 Supporting data in comprehensive form
- 2.2.3.6 Supporting data in comprehensive form
- 2.2.4 Engineering survey
- 2.2.4 Engineering survey
- 2.2.5 Health and safety safeguards
- 2.2.5 Health and safety safeguards
- 2.3—Types and degree of removal
- 2.3—Types and degree of removal [Go to Page]
- 2.3.1 Purpose of removal
- 2.3.1 Purpose of removal [Go to Page]
- 2.3.1.1 Material conditions
- 2.3.1.1 Material conditions
- 2.3.1.2 Complete demolition (one-piece, multiple-piece,
rubble, crushed)
- 2.3.1.2 Complete demolition (one-piece, multiple-piece,
rubble, crushed)
- 2.3.1.3 Partial removal
- 2.3.1.3 Partial removal
- 2.3.2 Degrees of removal
- 2.3.2 Degrees of removal
- 2.4—Types of concrete and effects on removal and reuse
- 2.4—Types of concrete and effects on removal and reuse [Go to Page]
- 2.4.1 General
- 2.4.1 General
- 2.4.2 Mass concrete structures
- 2.4.2 Mass concrete structures
- 2.4.3 Underground structures
- 2.4.3 Underground structures
- 2.4.4 Reinforced concrete structures
- 2.4.4 Reinforced concrete structures
- 2.4.5 Prestressed/post-tensioned structures
- 2.4.5 Prestressed/post-tensioned structures [Go to Page]
- 2.4.5.1 Pretensioned member
- 2.4.5.1 Pretensioned member
- 2.4.5.2 Separately stressed precast units
- 2.4.5.2 Separately stressed precast units
- 2.4.5.3 Monolithic structures
- 2.4.5.3 Monolithic structures
- 2.4.5.4 Progressively prestressed structures
- 2.4.5.4 Progressively prestressed structures
- 2.5—Monitoring and safety considerations
- 2.5—Monitoring and safety considerations [Go to Page]
- 2.5.1 Methods to monitor the demolition
- 2.5.1 Methods to monitor the demolition [Go to Page]
- 2.5.1.1 Planning for construction
- 2.5.1.1 Planning for construction
- 2.5.1.2 General safety precautions
- 2.5.1.2 General safety precautions
- 2.5.1.3 Safety program objectives
- 2.5.1.3 Safety program objectives
- 2.5.1.4 Safety program implementation
- 2.5.1.4 Safety program implementation
- 2.5.1.5 Safety program requirements
- 2.5.1.5 Safety program requirements
- CHAPTER 3— REMOVAL METHODS
- CHAPTER 3— REMOVAL METHODS [Go to Page]
- 3.1— Introduction
- 3.1— Introduction
- 3.2—Hand tools
- 3.2—Hand tools
- 3.3—Hand-operated power tools
- 3.3—Hand-operated power tools [Go to Page]
- 3.3.1 Hand-held pneumatic tools
- 3.3.1 Hand-held pneumatic tools
- 3.3.2 Hand-held hydraulic tools
- 3.3.2 Hand-held hydraulic tools
- 3.3.3 Hand-held electrical tools
- 3.3.3 Hand-held electrical tools
- 3.3.4 Gasoline-powered tools
- 3.3.4 Gasoline-powered tools
- 3.3.5 Drop hammers/blades
- 3.3.5 Drop hammers/blades
- 3.4—Vehicle-mounted equipment
- 3.4—Vehicle-mounted equipment [Go to Page]
- 3.4.1 Hydraulic/pneumatic impact breakers/hammers
- 3.4.1 Hydraulic/pneumatic impact breakers/hammers
- 3.4.2 Spring-action hammers
- 3.4.2 Spring-action hammers
- 3.4.3 Wrecking ball and crane
- 3.4.3 Wrecking ball and crane
- 3.4.4 Rotating cutter heads
- 3.4.4 Rotating cutter heads
- 3.4.5 Concrete crushers
- 3.4.5 Concrete crushers
- 3.4.6 Ripper
- 3.4.6 Ripper
- 3.4.7 Resonant frequency breaker
- 3.4.7 Resonant frequency breaker
- 3.5—Explosive blasting
- 3.5—Explosive blasting
- 3.6—Drills and saws
- 3.6—Drills and saws [Go to Page]
- 3.6.1 Core drills
- 3.6.1 Core drills
- 3.6.2 Diamond saws
- 3.6.2 Diamond saws [Go to Page]
- 3.6.2.1 Hand-held diamond saws
- 3.6.2.1 Hand-held diamond saws
- 3.6.2.2 Walk-behind diamond saws
- 3.6.2.2 Walk-behind diamond saws
- 3.6.2.3 Rideable pavement saws
- 3.6.2.3 Rideable pavement saws
- 3.6.2.4 Wall saws
- 3.6.2.4 Wall saws
- 3.6.2.5 Diamond wire saws
- 3.6.2.5 Diamond wire saws
- 3.6.2.6 Stitch drilling
- 3.6.2.6 Stitch drilling
- 3.7—Nonexplosive demolition agents
- 3.7—Nonexplosive demolition agents
- 3.8—Mechanical splitters
- 3.8—Mechanical splitters
- 3.9—Demolition of concrete structures by heat
- 3.9—Demolition of concrete structures by heat [Go to Page]
- 3.9.1 Jet-flame cutter method
- 3.9.1 Jet-flame cutter method
- 3.9.2 Thermal lance
- 3.9.2 Thermal lance
- 3.9.3 Electrical heating of reinforcing steel
- 3.9.3 Electrical heating of reinforcing steel
- 3.10—Hydrodemolition (water-jet blasting)
- 3.10—Hydrodemolition (water-jet blasting)
- CHAPTER 4— SURFACE REMOVAL
- CHAPTER 4— SURFACE REMOVAL [Go to Page]
- 4.1—Introduction
- 4.1—Introduction
- 4.2—Purpose of surface removal
- 4.2—Purpose of surface removal
- 4.3—Systems available for surface removal
- 4.3—Systems available for surface removal [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 Mechanical removal
- 4.3.1 Mechanical removal [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1.1 General
- 4.3.1.1 General
- 4.3.1.2 Chipping
- 4.3.1.2 Chipping
- 4.3.1.3 Bush hammering
- 4.3.1.3 Bush hammering
- 4.3.1.4 Needle scalers
- 4.3.1.4 Needle scalers
- 4.3.1.5 Scarifiers
- 4.3.1.5 Scarifiers
- 4.3.2 Particle impact removal
- 4.3.2 Particle impact removal [Go to Page]
- 4.3.2.1 Shotblasting
- 4.3.2.1 Shotblasting
- 4.3.2.2 Sandblasting
- 4.3.2.2 Sandblasting
- 4.3.3 Hydrodemolition
- 4.3.3 Hydrodemolition
- 4.3.4 Microwave heating
- 4.3.4 Microwave heating
- 4.3.5 Comparison of systems and combined systems
- 4.3.5 Comparison of systems and combined systems
- 4.4—Definition of final surface
- 4.4—Definition of final surface [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 General
- 4.4.1 General
- 4.4.2 Specification systems
- 4.4.2 Specification systems
- 4.4.3 Use of job-site mock-up
- 4.4.3 Use of job-site mock-up
- 4.4.4 Some approaches to specification
- 4.4.4 Some approaches to specification [Go to Page]
- 4.4.4.1 Planeness horizontal
- 4.4.4.1 Planeness horizontal
- 4.4.4.2 Planeness, vertical
- 4.4.4.2 Planeness, vertical
- 4.4.4.3 Surface texture
- 4.4.4.3 Surface texture
- 4.4.4.4 Cleanliness
- 4.4.4.4 Cleanliness
- 4.4.4.5 Soundness of surface
- 4.4.4.5 Soundness of surface
- 4.5—Requirements for surface preparation
- 4.5—Requirements for surface preparation
- 4.6—Concrete pavement surface removal
- 4.6—Concrete pavement surface removal
- 4.7—Influence of surface conditions on bond properties
- 4.7—Influence of surface conditions on bond properties [Go to Page]
- 4.7.1 Related research
- 4.7.1 Related research
- 4.7.2 Test procedures
- 4.7.2 Test procedures
- 4.7.3 Specifications
- 4.7.3 Specifications
- CHAPTER 5— PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE FROM RECYCLED CONCRETE
- CHAPTER 5— PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE FROM RECYCLED CONCRETE [Go to Page]
- 5.1— Introduction
- 5.1— Introduction
- 5.2—Aggregate production process
- 5.2—Aggregate production process [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Site
- 5.2.1 Site
- 5.2.2 Plant operation
- 5.2.2 Plant operation
- 5.2.3 Plant design
- 5.2.3 Plant design
- 5.2.4 Crushers
- 5.2.4 Crushers
- 5.2.5 Processing and beneficiation
- 5.2.5 Processing and beneficiation
- 5.2.6 Grading of crusher products
- 5.2.6 Grading of crusher products
- 5.3—Aggregate quality
- 5.3—Aggregate quality [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Aggregate size
- 5.3.1 Aggregate size
- 5.3.2 Density
- 5.3.2 Density
- 5.3.3 Water absorption
- 5.3.3 Water absorption
- 5.3.4 Los Angeles abrasion loss
- 5.3.4 Los Angeles abrasion loss
- 5.3.5 Sulfate soundness
- 5.3.5 Sulfate soundness
- 5.3.6 Contaminants
- 5.3.6 Contaminants
- 5.4—Effects of recycled aggregates on concrete properties
- 5.4—Effects of recycled aggregates on concrete properties [Go to Page]
- 5.4.1 Coarse recycled and natural sand
- 5.4.1 Coarse recycled and natural sand
- 5.4.2 Coarse and fine recycled aggregates
- 5.4.2 Coarse and fine recycled aggregates
- 5.4.3 Strength variations
- 5.4.3 Strength variations
- 5.4.4 Modulus of elasticity
- 5.4.4 Modulus of elasticity
- 5.4.5 Creep
- 5.4.5 Creep
- 5.4.6 Drying shrinkage
- 5.4.6 Drying shrinkage
- 5.4.7 Tensile and flexural strength
- 5.4.7 Tensile and flexural strength
- 5.4.8 Permeability
- 5.4.8 Permeability
- 5.4.9 Freezing-and-thawing resistance
- 5.4.9 Freezing-and-thawing resistance
- 5.4.10 Carbonation, chloride penetration, and reinforcementcorrosion
- 5.4.10 Carbonation, chloride penetration, and reinforcementcorrosion
- 5.5—Mixture proportions
- 5.5—Mixture proportions [Go to Page]
- 5.5.1 Water-cement ratio
- 5.5.1 Water-cement ratio
- 5.5.2 Unit weight and air content
- 5.5.2 Unit weight and air content
- 5.5.3 Fine-to-coarse aggregate ratio
- 5.5.3 Fine-to-coarse aggregate ratio
- 5.5.4 Mixture proportioning
- 5.5.4 Mixture proportioning
- 5.6—Concrete production
- 5.6—Concrete production
- CHAPTER 6— REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 6— REFERENCES [Go to Page]
- 6.1— Referenced standards and reports
- 6.1— Referenced standards and reports
- 6.2—Cited references
- 6.2—Cited references [Go to Page]