Already a subscriber?
MADCAD.com Free Trial
Sign up for a 3 day free trial to explore the MADCAD.com interface, PLUS access the
2009 International Building Code to see how it all works.
If you like to setup a quick demo, let us know at support@madcad.com
or +1 800.798.9296 and we will be happy to schedule a webinar for you.
Security check
Please login to your personal account to use this feature.
Please login to your authorized staff account to use this feature.
Are you sure you want to empty the cart?
440.2R-08 Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures, 2008
- MAIN MENU
- MAIN MENU
- CONTENTS
- CONTENTS
- PART 1—GENERAL
- PART 1—GENERAL [Go to Page]
- CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
- CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE [Go to Page]
- 1.1— Introduction
- 1.1— Introduction
- 1.2—Scope and limitations
- 1.2—Scope and limitations
- 1.3—Applications and use
- 1.3—Applications and use [Go to Page]
- 1.3.1 Strengthening limits
- 1.3.1 Strengthening limits
- 1.3.2 Fire and life safety
- 1.3.2 Fire and life safety
- 1.3.3 Maximum service temperature
- 1.3.3 Maximum service temperature
- 1.3.4 Minimum concrete substrate strength
- 1.3.4 Minimum concrete substrate strength
- 1.4—Use of FRP systems
- 1.4—Use of FRP systems
- CHAPTER 2— NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS
- CHAPTER 2— NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS [Go to Page]
- 2.1— Notation
- 2.1— Notation
- 2.2—Definitions and acronyms
- 2.2—Definitions and acronyms
- CHAPTER 3— BACKGROUND INFORMATION
- CHAPTER 3— BACKGROUND INFORMATION [Go to Page]
- 3.1—Historical development
- 3.1—Historical development
- 3.2—Commercially available externally bonded FRP systems
- 3.2—Commercially available externally bonded FRP systems [Go to Page]
- 3.2.1 Wet layup systems
- 3.2.1 Wet layup systems
- 3.2.2 Prepreg systems
- 3.2.2 Prepreg systems
- 3.2.3 Precured systems
- 3.2.3 Precured systems
- 3.2.4 Near-surface-mounted (NSM) systems
- 3.2.4 Near-surface-mounted (NSM) systems
- PART 2—MATERIALS
- PART 2—MATERIALS [Go to Page]
- CHAPTER 4— CONSTITUENT MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES
- CHAPTER 4— CONSTITUENT MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES [Go to Page]
- 4.1—Constituent materials
- 4.1—Constituent materials [Go to Page]
- 4.1.1 Resins
- 4.1.1 Resins [Go to Page]
- 4.1.1.1 Primer
- 4.1.1.1 Primer
- 4.1.1.2 Putty fillers
- 4.1.1.2 Putty fillers
- 4.1.1.3 Saturating resin
- 4.1.1.3 Saturating resin
- 4.1.1.4 Adhesives
- 4.1.1.4 Adhesives
- 4.1.2 Fibers
- 4.1.2 Fibers
- 4.1.3 Protective coatings
- 4.1.3 Protective coatings
- 4.2—Physical properties
- 4.2—Physical properties [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1 Density
- 4.2.1 Density
- 4.2.2 Coefficient of thermal expansion
- 4.2.2 Coefficient of thermal expansion
- 4.2.3 Effects of high temperatures
- 4.2.3 Effects of high temperatures
- 4.3—Mechanical properties
- 4.3—Mechanical properties [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 Tensile behavior
- 4.3.1 Tensile behavior
- 4.3.2 Compressive behavior
- 4.3.2 Compressive behavior
- 4.4—Time-dependent behavior
- 4.4—Time-dependent behavior [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1 Creep-rupture
- 4.4.1 Creep-rupture
- 4.4.2 Fatigue
- 4.4.2 Fatigue
- 4.5—Durability
- 4.5—Durability
- 4.6—FRP systems qualification
- 4.6—FRP systems qualification
- PART 3— RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
- PART 3— RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS [Go to Page]
- CHAPTER 5— SHIPPING, STORAGE, AND HANDLING
- CHAPTER 5— SHIPPING, STORAGE, AND HANDLING [Go to Page]
- 5.1— Shipping
- 5.1— Shipping
- 5.2—Storage
- 5.2—Storage [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Storage conditions
- 5.2.1 Storage conditions
- 5.2.2 Shelf life
- 5.2.2 Shelf life
- 5.3—Handling
- 5.3—Handling [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Material safety data sheet
- 5.3.1 Material safety data sheet
- 5.3.2 Information sources
- 5.3.2 Information sources
- 5.3.3 General handling hazards
- 5.3.3 General handling hazards
- 5.3.4 Personnel safe handling and clothing
- 5.3.4 Personnel safe handling and clothing
- 5.3.5 Workplace safe handling
- 5.3.5 Workplace safe handling
- 5.3.6 Cleanup and disposal
- 5.3.6 Cleanup and disposal
- CHAPTER 6— INSTALLATION
- CHAPTER 6— INSTALLATION [Go to Page]
- 6.1—Contractor competency
- 6.1—Contractor competency
- 6.2—Temperature, humidity, and moisture considerations
- 6.2—Temperature, humidity, and moisture considerations
- 6.3—Equipment
- 6.3—Equipment
- 6.4—Substrate repair and surface preparation
- 6.4—Substrate repair and surface preparation [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1 Substrate repair
- 6.4.1 Substrate repair [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1.1 Corrosion-related deterioration
- 6.4.1.1 Corrosion-related deterioration
- 6.4.1.2 Injection of cracks
- 6.4.1.2 Injection of cracks
- 6.4.2 Surface preparation
- 6.4.2 Surface preparation [Go to Page]
- 6.4.2.1 Bond-critical applications
- 6.4.2.1 Bond-critical applications
- 6.4.2.2 Contact-critical applications
- 6.4.2.2 Contact-critical applications
- 6.4.3 Surface-embedded systems
- 6.4.3 Surface-embedded systems
- 6.5—Mixing of resins
- 6.5—Mixing of resins
- 6.6—Application of FRP systems
- 6.6—Application of FRP systems [Go to Page]
- 6.6.1 Primer and putty
- 6.6.1 Primer and putty
- 6.6.2 Wet layup systems
- 6.6.2 Wet layup systems
- 6.6.3 Machine-applied systems
- 6.6.3 Machine-applied systems
- 6.6.4 Precured systems
- 6.6.4 Precured systems
- 6.6.5 NSM systems
- 6.6.5 NSM systems
- 6.6.6 Protective coatings
- 6.6.6 Protective coatings
- 6.7—Alignment of FRP materials
- 6.7—Alignment of FRP materials
- 6.8—Multiple plies and lap splices
- 6.8—Multiple plies and lap splices
- 6.9—Curing of resins
- 6.9—Curing of resins
- 6.10—Temporary protection
- 6.10—Temporary protection
- CHAPTER 7— INSPECTION, EVALUATION, AND ACCEPTANCE
- CHAPTER 7— INSPECTION, EVALUATION, AND ACCEPTANCE [Go to Page]
- 7.1—Inspection
- 7.1—Inspection
- 7.2—Evaluation and acceptance
- 7.2—Evaluation and acceptance [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 Materials
- 7.2.1 Materials
- 7.2.2 Fiber orientation
- 7.2.2 Fiber orientation
- 7.2.3 Delaminations
- 7.2.3 Delaminations
- 7.2.4 Cure of resins
- 7.2.4 Cure of resins
- 7.2.5 Adhesion strength
- 7.2.5 Adhesion strength
- 7.2.6 Cured thickness
- 7.2.6 Cured thickness
- CHAPTER 8— MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
- CHAPTER 8— MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR [Go to Page]
- 8.1— General
- 8.1— General
- 8.2—Inspection and assessment
- 8.2—Inspection and assessment [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 General inspection
- 8.2.1 General inspection
- 8.2.2 Testing
- 8.2.2 Testing
- 8.2.3 Assessment
- 8.2.3 Assessment
- 8.3—Repair of strengthening system
- 8.3—Repair of strengthening system
- 8.4—Repair of surface coating
- 8.4—Repair of surface coating
- PART 4—DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
- PART 4—DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS [Go to Page]
- CHAPTER 9— GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
- CHAPTER 9— GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS [Go to Page]
- 9.1—Design philosophy
- 9.1—Design philosophy
- 9.2—Strengthening limits
- 9.2—Strengthening limits [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 Structural fire endurance
- 9.2.1 Structural fire endurance
- 9.2.2 Overall structural strength
- 9.2.2 Overall structural strength
- 9.2.3 Seismic applications
- 9.2.3 Seismic applications
- 9.3—Selection of FRP systems
- 9.3—Selection of FRP systems [Go to Page]
- 9.3.1 Environmental considerations
- 9.3.1 Environmental considerations
- 9.3.2 Loading considerations
- 9.3.2 Loading considerations
- 9.3.3 Durability considerations
- 9.3.3 Durability considerations
- 9.3.4 Protective-coating selection considerations
- 9.3.4 Protective-coating selection considerations
- 9.4—Design material properties
- 9.4—Design material properties
- CHAPTER 10— FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING
- CHAPTER 10— FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING [Go to Page]
- 10.1—Nominal strength
- 10.1—Nominal strength [Go to Page]
- 10.1.1 Failure modes
- 10.1.1 Failure modes
- 10.2—Reinforced concrete members
- 10.2—Reinforced concrete members [Go to Page]
- 10.2.1 Assumptions
- 10.2.1 Assumptions
- 10.2.2 Shear strength
- 10.2.2 Shear strength
- 10.2.3 Existing substrate strain
- 10.2.3 Existing substrate strain
- 10.2.4 Flexural strengthening of concave soffits
- 10.2.4 Flexural strengthening of concave soffits
- 10.2.5 Strain level in FRP reinforcement
- 10.2.5 Strain level in FRP reinforcement
- 10.2.6 Stress level in the FRP reinforcement
- 10.2.6 Stress level in the FRP reinforcement
- 10.2.7 Strength reduction factor
- 10.2.7 Strength reduction factor
- 10.2.8 Serviceability
- 10.2.8 Serviceability
- 10.2.9 Creep-rupture and fatigue stress limits
- 10.2.9 Creep-rupture and fatigue stress limits
- 10.2.10 Ultimate strength of singly reinforced rectangular section
- 10.2.10 Ultimate strength of singly reinforced rectangular section [Go to Page]
- 10.2.10.1 Stress in steel under service loads
- 10.2.10.1 Stress in steel under service loads
- 10.2.10.2 Stress in FRP under service loads
- 10.2.10.2 Stress in FRP under service loads
- 10.3—Prestressed concrete members
- 10.3—Prestressed concrete members [Go to Page]
- 10.3.1 Members with bonded prestressing steel
- 10.3.1 Members with bonded prestressing steel [Go to Page]
- 10.3.1.1 Assumptions
- 10.3.1.1 Assumptions
- 10.3.1.2 Strain in FRP reinforcement
- 10.3.1.2 Strain in FRP reinforcement
- 10.3.1.3 Strength reduction factor
- 10.3.1.3 Strength reduction factor
- 10.3.1.4 Serviceability
- 10.3.1.4 Serviceability
- 10.3.1.5 Creep-rupture and fatigue stress limits
- 10.3.1.5 Creep-rupture and fatigue stress limits
- 10.3.1.6 Nominal strength
- 10.3.1.6 Nominal strength
- 10.3.1.7 Stress in prestressing steel under service loads
- 10.3.1.7 Stress in prestressing steel under service loads
- 10.3.1.8 Stress in FRP under service loads
- 10.3.1.8 Stress in FRP under service loads
- CHAPTER 11— SHEAR STRENGTHENING
- CHAPTER 11— SHEAR STRENGTHENING [Go to Page]
- 11.1—General considerations
- 11.1—General considerations
- 11.2—Wrapping schemes
- 11.2—Wrapping schemes
- 11.3—Nominal shear strength
- 11.3—Nominal shear strength
- 11.4—FRP contribution to shear strength
- 11.4—FRP contribution to shear strength [Go to Page]
- 11.4.1 Effective strain in FRP laminates
- 11.4.1 Effective strain in FRP laminates [Go to Page]
- 11.4.1.1 Completely wrapped members
- 11.4.1.1 Completely wrapped members
- 11.4.1.2 Bonded U-wraps or bonded face plies
- 11.4.1.2 Bonded U-wraps or bonded face plies
- 11.4.2 Spacing
- 11.4.2 Spacing
- 11.4.3 Reinforcement limits
- 11.4.3 Reinforcement limits
- CHAPTER 12— STRENGTHENING OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL FORCE OR COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING FORCES
- CHAPTER 12— STRENGTHENING OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL FORCE OR COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING FORCES [Go to Page]
- 12.1—Pure axial compression
- 12.1—Pure axial compression [Go to Page]
- 12.1.1 Circular cross sections
- 12.1.1 Circular cross sections
- 12.1.2 Noncircular cross sections
- 12.1.2 Noncircular cross sections
- 12.1.3 Serviceability considerations
- 12.1.3 Serviceability considerations
- 12.2—Combined axial compression and bending
- 12.2—Combined axial compression and bending
- 12.3—Ductility enhancement
- 12.3—Ductility enhancement [Go to Page]
- 12.3.1 Circular cross sections
- 12.3.1 Circular cross sections
- 12.3.2 Noncircular cross sections
- 12.3.2 Noncircular cross sections
- 12.4—Pure axial tension
- 12.4—Pure axial tension
- CHAPTER 13— FRP REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
- CHAPTER 13— FRP REINFORCEMENT DETAILS [Go to Page]
- 13.1—Bond and delamination
- 13.1—Bond and delamination [Go to Page]
- 13.1.1 FRP debonding
- 13.1.1 FRP debonding
- 13.1.2 FRP end peeling
- 13.1.2 FRP end peeling
- 13.1.3 Development length
- 13.1.3 Development length
- 13.2—Detailing of laps and splices
- 13.2—Detailing of laps and splices
- 13.3—Bond of near-surface-mounted systems
- 13.3—Bond of near-surface-mounted systems
- CHAPTER 14— DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND SUBMITTALS
- CHAPTER 14— DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND SUBMITTALS [Go to Page]
- 14.1— Engineering requirements
- 14.1— Engineering requirements
- 14.2—Drawings and specifications
- 14.2—Drawings and specifications
- 14.3—Submittals
- 14.3—Submittals [Go to Page]
- 14.3.1 FRP system manufacturer
- 14.3.1 FRP system manufacturer
- 14.3.2 FRP system installation contractor
- 14.3.2 FRP system installation contractor
- 14.3.3 FRP system inspection agency
- 14.3.3 FRP system inspection agency
- PART 5—DESIGN EXAMPLES
- PART 5—DESIGN EXAMPLES [Go to Page]
- CHAPTER 15— DESIGN EXAMPLES
- CHAPTER 15— DESIGN EXAMPLES [Go to Page]
- 15.1— Calculation of FRP system tensile properties
- 15.1— Calculation of FRP system tensile properties
- 15.2—Comparison of FRP systems’ tensile properties
- 15.2—Comparison of FRP systems’ tensile properties
- 15.3—Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with FRP laminates
- 15.3—Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with FRP laminates
- 15.4—Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with NSM FRP bars
- 15.4—Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with NSM FRP bars
- 15.5—Flexural strengthening of an interior prestressed concrete beam with FRP laminates
- 15.5—Flexural strengthening of an interior prestressed concrete beam with FRP laminates
- 15.6—Shear strengthening of an interior T-beam
- 15.6—Shear strengthening of an interior T-beam
- 15.7—Shear strengthening of an exterior column
- 15.7—Shear strengthening of an exterior column
- 15.8—Strengthening of a noncircular concrete column for axial load increase
- 15.8—Strengthening of a noncircular concrete column for axial load increase
- 15.9—Strengthening of a noncircular concrete column for increase in axial and bending forces
- 15.9—Strengthening of a noncircular concrete column for increase in axial and bending forces
- CHAPTER 16— REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 16— REFERENCES [Go to Page]
- 16.1— Referenced standards and reports
- 16.1— Referenced standards and reports
- 16.2—Cited references
- 16.2—Cited references
- APPENDIXES
- APPENDIXES [Go to Page]
- APPENDIX A— MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON, GLASS, AND ARAMID FIBERS
- APPENDIX A— MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON, GLASS, AND ARAMID FIBERS
- APPENDIX B— SUMMARY OF STANDARD TEST METHODS
- APPENDIX B— SUMMARY OF STANDARD TEST METHODS
- APPENDIX C— AREAS OF FUTURE RESEARCH
- APPENDIX C— AREAS OF FUTURE RESEARCH
- APPENDIX D— METHODOLOGY FOR COMPUTATION OF SIMPLIFIED P- M INTERACTION DIAGRAM FOR NONCIRCULAR COLUMNS
- APPENDIX D— METHODOLOGY FOR COMPUTATION OF SIMPLIFIED P- M INTERACTION DIAGRAM FOR NONCIRCULAR COLUMNS [Go to Page]