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234R-06: Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete (Reapproved 2012), 2006
- MAIN MENU
- CONTENTS
- CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION [Go to Page]
- 1.1— General
- 1.2—What is silica fume?
- 1.3—Silica fume versus other forms of silica [Go to Page]
- 1.3.1 Synthetic silica
- 1.3.2 Natural silica
- 1.4—Using silica fume in concrete
- 1.5—Using silica fume in blended cements
- 1.6—Worldwide availability of silica fume
- 1.7—Types of silica fume products available [Go to Page]
- 1.7.1 As-produced silica fume
- 1.7.2 Silica-fume slurry
- 1.7.3 Densified (compacted) silica fume
- 1.7.4 Pelletized silica fume
- 1.8—Health hazards
- 1.9—Environmental impact
- CHAPTER 2— PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SILICA FUME [Go to Page]
- 2.1—Color
- 2.2—Specific gravity
- 2.3—Bulk density [Go to Page]
- 2.3.1 As-produced silica fume
- 2.3.2 Slurried silica fume
- 2.3.3 Densified (compacted) silica fume
- 2.4—Fineness, particle shape, and oversize material
- 2.5—Chemical composition
- 2.6—Crystallinity
- 2.7—Variability
- 2.8—Relating physical and chemical properties to performance in concrete
- 2.9—Quality control
- CHAPTER 3— MECHANISMS BY WHICH SILICA FUME MODIFIES CEMENT PASTE, MORTAR, AND CONCRETE [Go to Page]
- 3.1—General
- 3.2—Physical effects [Go to Page]
- 3.2.1 Reduced bleeding
- 3.2.2 Provision of nucleation sites
- 3.2.3 Particle packing
- 3.3—Chemical effects
- 3.4–Microstructure modifications [Go to Page]
- 3.4.1 Cement paste-aggregate transition zone
- 3.4.2 Porosity
- 3.5—Self-desiccation and water of hydration
- 3.6—Autogenous shrinkage (volume change)
- 3.7—Chemical composition of pore fluid
- 3.8—Reactions in combination with fly ash or ground- granulated blast- furnace slag
- 3.9–Reactions with different types of portland cements
- 3.10—Heat of hydration
- 3.11—Reactions with chemical admixtures [Go to Page]
- 3.11.1 High-range water-reducing admixtures
- 3.11.2 Calcium chloride
- 3.11.3 Nonchloride accelerators
- 3.11.4 Corrosion inhibitors
- 3.11.5 Air-entraining admixtures
- 3.11.6 Compatibility with admixture combinations
- CHAPTER 4— EFFECTS OF SILICA FUME ON PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE [Go to Page]
- 4.1— Water demand
- 4.2—Workability
- 4.3—Slump loss
- 4.4—Time of setting
- 4.5—Segregation
- 4.6—Bleeding and plastic shrinkage
- 4.7—Color of concrete
- 4.8—Air entrainment
- 4.9—Bulk density (unit weight) of fresh concrete
- 4.10—Evolution of hydrogen gas
- CHAPTER 5— EFFECTS OF SILICA FUME ON PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE [Go to Page]
- 5.1— General
- 5.2—Mechanical properties [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio
- 5.2.2 Creep
- 5.2.3 Total shrinkage
- 5.2.4 Compressive strength
- 5.2.5 Flexural and splitting tensile strengths
- 5.2.6 Bond strength
- 5.3—Durability aspects [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Transport properties [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1.1 Terminology
- 5.3.1.2 Permeability
- 5.3.1.3 Water absorption—
- 5.3.1.4 Chloride-ion penetration resistance
- 5.3.2 Freezing-and-thawing resistance [Go to Page]
- 5.3.2.1 Freezing- and-thawing resistance
- 5.3.2.2 Scaling resistance
- 5.3.2.3 Air-void system parameters
- 5.3.3 Chemical attack resistance
- 5.3.4 Abrasion- erosion and abrasion resistance
- 5.3.5 Fire resistance
- 5.3.6 Alkali- aggregate reaction expansion
- 5.3.7 Sulfate resistance
- 5.4—Miscellaneous properties [Go to Page]
- 5.4.1 Electrical resistivity
- 5.4.2 Thermal properties
- 5.4.3 Silica-fume concrete and cracking [Go to Page]
- 5.4.3.1 Early-age cracking
- 5.4.3.2 Later-age cracking
- 5.5—Use of silica fume in combination with fibers
- 5.6—Use of silica fume in ternary blends [Go to Page]
- 5.6.1 Use of silica fume in conjunction with fly ash
- 5.6.2 Use of silica fume in conjunction with GGBFS
- 5.7—Property variations with respect to type, source, and form of delivery of silica fume
- CHAPTER 6— APPLICATIONS OF SILICA FUME IN CONCRETE [Go to Page]
- 6.1—Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong
- 6.2—311 South Wacker Drive, Chicago
- 6.3—Kuala Lumpur City Center, Malaysia
- 6.4—Kinzua Dam Stilling Basin, United States
- 6.5—Stolma Bridge, Norway
- 6.6—Highway bridges, United States
- 6.7—Parking structures, United States
- CHAPTER 7— SPECIFICATIONS [Go to Page]
- 7.1— General
- 7.2—Specifying silica fume [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 Properties of silica fume
- 7.2.2 United States standards
- 7.2.3 Canadian standards
- 7.2.4 Standards from outside North America
- 7.2.5 Standard reference silica fume
- 7.3—Specifying silica-fume admixtures
- 7.4—Specifying silica-fume blended cement
- 7.5—Specifying silica-fume concrete [Go to Page]
- 7.5.1 Measuring, batching, and mixing
- 7.5.2 Placing and consolidating
- 7.5.3 Finishing
- 7.5.4 Protecting and curing
- 7.5.5 Preconstruction testing
- CHAPTER 8— PROPORTIONING SILICA- FUME CONCRETE MIXTURES [Go to Page]
- 8.1— General
- 8.2—Cement and silica fume content
- 8.3—Water content
- 8.4—Aggregate
- 8.5—Chemical admixtures
- 8.6—Proportioning
- 8.7—Ternary mixtures
- CHAPTER 9— WORKING WITH SILICA FUME IN FIELD CONCRETE [Go to Page]
- 9.1— Transporting and handling silica fume and silica fume admixture products [Go to Page]
- 9.1.1 Dry silica fume
- 9.1.2 Slurried silica fume
- 9.2—Producing concrete [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 Dry silica fume
- 9.2.2 Slurried silica fume
- 9.2.3 Mixing silica- fume concrete
- 9.3—Transporting
- 9.4—Placing
- 9.5—Finishing [Go to Page]
- 9.5.1 Plastic- shrinkage cracking
- 9.6—Curing
- 9.7—Accelerated curing
- CHAPTER 10— RESEARCH NEEDS [Go to Page]
- 10.1—Frost resistance
- 10.2—Scaling resistance
- 10.3—Sulfate attack
- 10.4—Drying shrinkage and creep
- 10.5—Steel corrosion
- 10.6—Long-term durability
- 10.7—Rheology of fresh concrete
- 10.8—Mechanism of strength development
- 10.9—Role of silica fume in special concretes
- 10.10—Effect of silica fume on hydration
- 10.11—Later-age cracking
- CHAPTER 11— REFERENCES [Go to Page]
- 11.1— Referenced standards and reports
- 11.2—Cited references [Go to Page]