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ASHRAE Design Guide for Low- to Mid-Rise Multifamily Residential Buildings, 2020
- Online PDF and Spreadsheet Design Process Forms
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface and Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- 1 - Environmental Context and Sustainability [Go to Page]
- Design Approach [Go to Page]
- Sustainable Design
- Figure 1-1 The intersecting values of sustainability: economy, society, and environment.
- Sustainable Design Benefits
- Resilient Design
- Building Life-Cycle Approach
- Leveraging Resources [Go to Page]
- Utility Programs
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Programs
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Initiatives
- U.S. Green Building Council
- Passive House
- The Opportunity for Owners and Design Teams
- 2 Culture and Demographics [Go to Page]
- Design Considerations [Go to Page]
- Demographic Considerations
- Identifying Market Trends
- 3 Building Codes, Standards, and Guidelines [Go to Page]
- Figure 3-1 Code stringency by state.
- Figure 3-2 Mid-rise and low-rise multifamily projects subject to different energy code requirements.
- Table 3-1 Typical Codes and Standards for Multifamily Buildings
- Mixed-Use Buildings
- California Title 24, Part 6
- Pursuing Best Practices with a Split Code Baseline
- Above-Code Standards, Guides, and Programs
- Table 3-2 Standards, Guides, and Programs
- 4 Building Science [Go to Page]
- Building as a System
- Thermal Impacts of the Building Envelope [Go to Page]
- Thermal Bridges
- Figure 4-1 Additional heat flow due to thermal bridging.
- Fenestration
- Occupant Thermal Comfort
- Moisture Management
- Infiltration and Air Movement
- 5 Design Skills [Go to Page]
- Expansion of Traditional Roles [Go to Page]
- Architects and Interior Designers
- Structural Engineers
- Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Engineers
- Contractors
- Finance Professionals
- Commissioning Provider
- Operation and Maintenance Staff
- Integrated Architectural, Structural, and Mechanical Design
- Supplemental Roles [Go to Page]
- Energy Consultant
- Energy Modeler
- Home Energy Rater/Construction Verifier
- 6 Integrated Design [Go to Page]
- Integrated Design Themes [Go to Page]
- High-Performance Envelope
- Cooling Load Reduction
- Control Systems and Commissioning
- Design Process [Go to Page]
- Goal Setting with the Extended Design Team
- Design Team Meetings and Charrettes
- Table 6-1 High-Performance Multifamily Building Goal Considerations
- Value Engineering
- Table 6-2 Recommended Design Phase Meetings, Attendees, and Agenda Items
- Construction Phase
- Field Verification
- Building Handoff and Operations
- 7 Indoor Environmental Quality [Go to Page]
- Lighting Quality [Go to Page]
- Increase Access to Views and Daylighting
- Use Quality Light Sources
- Provide Electric Lighting with Dimming or Multilevel Controls
- Acoustic Comfort [Go to Page]
- Table 7-1 Acoustic Comfort Guidelines (CMHC 2005)
- Thermal Comfort [Go to Page]
- Figure 7-1 Example calculation using output from the CBE Thermal Comfort Tool for a hot day.
- Indoor Air Quality [Go to Page]
- Source Control for IAQ
- Table 7-2 Indoor Air Pollutants and Sources in Multifamily Buildings
- Local Exhaust
- Exhaust Rates
- Exhaust Strategies and Best Practices
- Table 7-3 Minimum Demand-Controlled Local Exhaust Airflow Rates (ASHRAE 2019b, Table 5.1)
- Table 7-4 Minimum Continuous Local Exhaust Airflow Rates (ASHRAE 2019b, Table 5.2)
- Table 7-5 Exhaust Strategy Considerations and Best Practices (Based on SWA 2011)
- Figure 7-2 Central and unitized exhaust.
- Figure 7-3 Self-balancing dampers: installed in-duct and up-close.
- Makeup Air
- Table 7-6 Particle Filtration Levels
- Particle Filtration
- Compartmentalization
- Figure 7-4 Sealing using traditional methods: (a) soffit on perimeter wall sealed to plank above and (b) well-sealed plumbing penetrations.
- Figure 7-5 Sealed air leaks using aerosolization.
- Occupant Education
- 8 Energy [Go to Page]
- Multifamily Energy Loads [Go to Page]
- Figure 8-1 Comparison of the load breakdowns of multifamily buildings relative to those of single- family homes and office buildings.
- Figure 8-2 Comparison of load breakdowns of different multifamily building types.
- Performance Metrics
- Non-Energy Design Decisions that Can Drive Energy Consumption [Go to Page]
- Windows
- Building Height
- Unit Density
- Circulation Configuration
- Interactive Effects
- 9 Envelope [Go to Page]
- Thermal Performance [Go to Page]
- Figure 9-1 Commercial concrete podium with wood-framed structure above (and some steel). Note the slab extended through the thermal envelope to create a balcony, creating a substantial thermal bridge.
- Best Practices
- Infiltration [Go to Page]
- Air Barrier
- Figure 9-2 First-floor plan of Cornell Tech with the continuous air barrier delineated in red.
- Controlling the Drivers of Infiltration
- Thermal Bridging [Go to Page]
- Figure 9-3 Example of thermal bridging in a high-rise building.
- Strategies to Reduce Thermal Bridges
- 10 Space Conditioning [Go to Page]
- Equipment Efficiency [Go to Page]
- Efficient Equipment Technologies
- Table 10-1 Savings from Using Above-Code Equipment
- Equipment Sizing [Go to Page]
- Load Calculations
- System Selection [Go to Page]
- Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pump Systems
- Table 10-2 Energy Savings Impact of System Selection
- Variable-Capacity Multi-Split Heat Pump (Variable Refrigerant Flow) Systems
- Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
- Radiant Systems
- Distribution System Design
- Controls [Go to Page]
- Figure 10-1 Smart thermostats.
- 11 Ventilation [Go to Page]
- Providing Ventilation [Go to Page]
- Ventilation Rates
- Ventilation Strategies
- Central versus Unitized (Unit-Level) Ventilation
- Table 11-1 Overview of Whole-Building and Dwelling-Unit Ventilation Strategies
- Figure 11-1 Example ventilation strategy using independent supply fan.
- Supply Air Tempering
- Figure 11-2 Example ventilation and exhaust strategy for high-rise multifamily building.
- Ventilation Efficiency [Go to Page]
- Reduce Fan Power
- Figure 11-3 Different styles and efficiencies of heat exchangers in an HRV.
- Figure 11-4 Rooftop ERV installed in a multifamily building
- 12 Water Heating [Go to Page]
- Efficient Equipment [Go to Page]
- Table 12-1 Comparison of Minimum Federal Requirements, ENERGY STAR, and Best-in-Class Water Heaters
- Figure 12-1 Instantaneous water heaters arranged in parallel.
- Instantaneous Water Heaters
- Heat Pump Water Heaters
- Central versus Individual Water-Heating Systems
- Hot-Water Recirculation Loops and Efficient Equipment
- Figure 12-2 Central water heating tanks including solar-thermal buffer tanks and a HPWH at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility.
- Hot-Water Distribution [Go to Page]
- Increase Pipe Insulation
- Reduce Standing Water Volume
- Reduce Size of Recirculation Loop
- Include Recirculation Loop Controls
- Water Conservation [Go to Page]
- Water Metering
- Laundry
- 13 Lighting Systems [Go to Page]
- Light Efficacy [Go to Page]
- Table 13-1 Typical Characteristics of Various Lighting Technologies (EPA n.d.-g)
- Controls
- Best Practices [Go to Page]
- Dwelling Units
- Common Areas
- Exterior Site
- 14 Plug Loads [Go to Page]
- Best Practices [Go to Page]
- Use High-Efficiency Appliances and Devices
- Include High-Efficiency Laundry Equipment
- Provide Sufficient Systems
- Provide Plug-Load Controls
- Include Tenant Utility Submetering
- Provide Energy Use Feedback to Tenants
- 15 Building Handoff and Operations [Go to Page]
- Design Phase [Go to Page]
- Incorporating Operators and Occupants
- Design for Maintenance
- Communication and Documentation
- Figure 15-1 An energy conservation outreach flyer used for housing at the Anderson Air Force Base.
- Commissioning
- Performance Monitoring and Feedback [Go to Page]
- Monitoring and Feedback Equipment
- 16 Getting to Zero Energy in Multifamily Buildings [Go to Page]
- Targets
- Figure 16-1 Growth in zero energy buildings.
- Figure 16-2 Distribution of building types in the NBI Getting to Zero Buildings Database.
- Renewable Energy Production
- Figure 16-3 Rooftop photovoltaic and solar thermal panels in Berkeley, California.
- Putting it All Together [Go to Page]
- High-Efficiency Envelope
- High-Performance Space-Conditioning Equipment
- High-Performance Water Heating
- High-Efficiency Lighting
- High-Efficiency Appliances
- Tenant Engagement
- Energy Metering and Feedback
- App A Sample Design Process Forms [Go to Page]
- Context
- Culture and Demographics
- Codes, Standards, and Guidelines
- Design
- Indoor Environmental Quality
- Energy and Systems
- Building Handoff and Operations
- App B High-Performance Equipment Requirements [Go to Page]
- Table B-1 Warm-Air Furnaces
- Table B-2 Unitary Air Conditioners and Condensing Units, Electrically Operated
- Table B-3 Unitary and Applied Heat Pumps, Electrically Operated
- Table B-4 Boilers
- Table B-5 Chillers
- Table B-6 Variable Refrigerant Flow Air Conditioner
- Table B-7 Variable Refrigerant Flow Air Multisplit Heat Pump
- References and Resources [Go to Page]
- References
- Resources [Go to Page]